Removal of PCBs from wastewater using fly ash

Liquids and sludges containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be treated to concentrate the PCBs in a solid residue. The latter can then be handled to destroy the PCBs. A study on sorption kinetics of PCBs on fly ash was conducted in controlled batch systems. TCB and HeCB are removed at 25 degrees C by adsorption on fly ash up to 97% at pH 7, with an adsorbent dose of 5 g/l. An examination of the thermodynamic parameters shows that the adsorption of TCB and HeCB by fly ash is a process occurring spontaneously at ambient conditions. Activation energies for the sorption process ranged between 5.6 and 49.1 kJ/mol. It was observed that the rate at which TCB and HeCB are adsorbed onto fly ash showed a diffusion limitation. The uptake rate of TCB and HeCB increases with increasing initial concentration and gradually tends to a constant value. A decrease in the adsorption of TCB and HeCB was observed when interfering ions and other PCB congeners were present. Changing the pH in the aqueous solution from 2 to 10 had no effect on the adsorption process. Overall, fly ash can be used for an efficient removal of PCBs from several aqueous solutions.     

流化床飞灰固化焚烧飞灰效果及微观分析

以深圳某垃圾焚烧厂焚烧飞灰为例分析了焚烧飞灰的性质和重金属毒性.结果表明,飞灰中 Pb 和 Cr 超出TCLP 阈值,必须进行稳定化处理.以流化床飞灰为主要成分配制固化材料,按不同比例掺人焚烧l￡灰进行固化实验,结果表明,实验范围内重金属固定效果良好.微观测试显示,固化过程主要产物有水化硅酸钙凝胶、钙矾石等,通过物理包胶、物理吸附、复分解沉淀反应和同晶替代等作用抑制重金属浸出.     

用于水处理的高效除磷型粉煤灰陶粒滤料的研制

为制备用于处理含磷废水的新型功能陶粒滤料,研究了以粉煤灰为主要原料的高效除磷型陶粒烧结制备工艺。通过L9（34）正交实验和极差分析,结合筒压强度实验得到最佳烧结条件为：预热时间30 min,烧结温度950℃,烧结时间30 min;各因子对除磷效率的影响程度为：烧结温度〉烧结时间〉预热时间。通过理化性质测试得出最佳工艺制备的陶粒特性：堆积密度为877 kg/m3,表观密度为1 509 kg/m3,空隙率为41.9%,筒压强度6.94 MPa,盐酸可溶率为2.3%。应用最佳工艺条件所制备的陶粒处理10 mg/L含磷废水获得高达99.83%的磷酸盐去除率。通过最佳烧结工艺能够制备高效除磷型粉煤灰陶粒滤料,在处理含磷废水方面具有一定的应用前景。     

粉煤灰吸附除磷的改性研究

研究了粉煤灰的最佳改性条件及其吸附理论模型.获得了粉煤灰用于吸附含磷量为5 mg P/L的模拟二级出水的3种改性的最佳条件(21℃):(1)0.25 mol/L盐酸改性的粉煤灰对磷的去除率为76.0%,出水含1.20 mg P/L;(2)300℃下煅烧的粉煤灰对磷的去除率为93.8%,出水中磷含量达到了0.31 mg P/L;(3)低火(119 W)改性的粉煤灰的磷去除率达95.4%,出水含0.23 mg P/L.试验结果表明:Langmuir方程能很好地解释两种改性粉煤灰的吸附动力学(R2=0.9188,S.E=0.0032),而Simple Elovieh方程在描述两者的吸附动力学试验数据上显示出优越性(R2=0.9427,S.E=0.029).     

Phosphate removal from digested sludge supernatant using modified fly ash

The removal of phosphate in digested sludge supernatant by modified coal fly ash was investigated in this study. Modification of the fly ash by the addition of sulfuric acid could significantly enhance its immobilization ability. The experimental results also showed that adsorption of phosphate by the modified fly ash was rapid with the removal percentage of phosphate reaching an equilibrium of 98.62% in less than 5 minutes. The optimum pH for phosphate removal was 9 and the removal percentage increased with increasing adsorbent dosage. The effect of temperature on phosphate removal efficiency was not significant from 20 to 40 degrees C. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses showed that phosphate formed an amorphous precipitate with water-soluble calcium, aluminum, and iron ions in the modified fly ash.     

Extraction of heavy metals from MSW incinerator fly ash using saponins

An extraction process with saponins was evaluated for removing heavy metals from MSW (municipal solid waste) incinerator fly ashes. Two different fly ashes, A and B, were treated on a laboratory scale with three triterpene-glycoside type of saponins, M, Q, and T, in the pH range 4-9. The results were compared with those of the HCI and EDTA treatment. The treatment with saponins extracted 20-45% of Cr from the fly ashes. Saponins were also effective in extracting Cu from fly ash A attaining 50-60% extraction. Saponin T extracted 100% of Pb from fly ash A at pH around 4. The extraction of Zn with the saponin treatment was similar to that of the HCl treatment. Further, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were fractionated by sequential extraction to investigate the effect of saponins on each fraction. Extraction behavior of other elements during the saponin treatment was also studied. The leaching test on the residues received after the saponin treatment showed that the fly ashes were successfully detoxified to meet the landfilling guideline.     

含砷污泥的粉煤灰固化研究

硫酸废水处理系统的中和污泥属于有害废渣,其中As浸出率超标.采用固化的方法处理某冶炼厂硫酸废水中和污泥,发现以水泥∶粉煤灰∶污泥=1∶1∶2的配比固化后,固化块浸出液浓度达到国标规定(1.5 mg/L).研究表明,粉煤灰替代水泥50%可达到较好的固化效果,浸泡24 d后浸出浓度达到稳定值,pH值为7时浸出浓度最小,外加剂对固化有负影响,采用湿养护可获得更好的效果.     

Improving phosphate removal of sand infiltration system using alkaline fly ash

Septic tank effluent is customarily disposed of by soil infiltration. Coarse, sandy soil such as those found in Perth, Western Australia, exhibit low attenuation capabilities for phosphate (PO4(3-)) during effluent infiltration. Amendment of such soil with different amounts of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes was investigated as a means of reducing phosphorus (P) leakage to ground water. Alkaline precipitator fly ash possessed the highest P sorption capacity in terms of its Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm parameters during initial batch tests. The test materials were repeatedly contacted with fresh PO4(3-) solutions over 90 contacting cycles to gain a better indication of long-term P sorption capability. Again, precipitator fly ash exhibited higher P sorption capacity than lagoon fly ash and Spearwood sand. Column studies assessed the influence of various application rates of alkaline precipitator and lagoon fly ashes on the P removal of septic tank effluent. Septic tank effluent was applied at the rate of 4 cm/day to the column for 12 weeks. Concentrations of P were monitored in the column effluent. All the fly ash columns were more efficient in reducing P migration compared to the sand column. Increased levels of fly ash in the soil columns resulted in increased P attenuation. Lagoon fly ash was inferior to precipitator fly ash for P removal; high application rates of fly ash caused clogging of the infiltration bed apparently due to their lower permeability. It is reasoned that 5-15% precipitator fly ash, and less than 30% lagoon fly ash could be added to coarse sands to produce an infiltration bed, which would result in a better quality effluent than can be obtained with untreated sand alone.     

机械力活化固硫灰固化处理生活垃圾焚烧飞灰

为实现城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的安全处理,通过机械力化学法活化循环流化床燃煤固硫灰,探讨了球磨样品制备固化体的参数。并采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）手段对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化机制进行了研究。结果表明,当垃圾焚烧飞灰掺加比为60%,球磨转速为600 r·min-1,球磨时间为5 h,养护温度60 ℃时的固化体28 d和56 d抗压强度分别达到15.6 MPa和17.9 MPa,采用原子吸收光谱仪（AAS）测得固化体中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr重金属浸出量均低于GB 5085.3-2007规定限值。XRD和FTIR表征结果表明,在水化过程中,该混合体系生成了水化硅酸钙（C—S—H）、斜方钙沸石和钙矾石（AFt）等水化产物,并且C—S—H凝胶可通过物理包裹的形式固化垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属;斜方钙沸石和钙矾石以化学吸附的方式使垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属离子达到固化/稳定化效果,实现了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的安全处理。     

Stabilization of Pb- and Cu-contaminated soil using coal fly ash and peat

The stabilization of metal contaminated soil is being tested as an alternative remediation method to landfilling. An evaluation of the changes in Cu and Pb mobility and bioavailability in soil induced by the addition of coal fly ash and natural organic matter (peat) revealed that the amount of leached Cu decreased by 98.2% and Pb by 99.9%, as assessed by a batch test. Metal leaching from the treated soil was lower by two orders of magnitude compared to the untreated soil in the field lysimeters. A possible formation of mineral Cu- and Pb-bearing phases and active surface with oxides were identified by chemical equilibrium calculations. Low metal leaching during a two-year observation period, increased seed germination rate, reduced metal accumulation in plant shoots, and decreased toxicity to plants and bacteria, thereby demonstrating this stabilization method to be a promising technique for in situ remediation of Cu and Pb contaminated soil.     

粉煤灰负载铁离子催化氧化活性黄染料废水

以粉煤灰为载体,制备铁/粉煤灰负载型催化剂,并利用该催化剂催化H2O2氧化降解活性黄染料废水,探讨了H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、染料初始浓度和初始pH值等因素对染料废水COD去除率和脱色率的影响。结果表明,当染料废水COD初始浓度为200 mg/L,初始pH值为1.7,投加0.5 g/100 mL催化剂及加入1.0 mL浓度为1.13 mol/L的H2O2溶液时,处理效果最好,此时染料废水的COD去除率和脱色率分别达到63%和99%,并且废水的可生化性得到很大的提高。利用该负载催化剂能够有效地减少活性黄染料废水中Fe3+的残留量。     

Nucleation properties of fly ash in a coal-fired power-plant plume

Airborne aerosol samples were collected on Nuclepore filters in the plume of a coal-fired power plant. Transmission and scanning electron microscopes were used to determine the concentration and size distribution of aerosols and an X-ray energy spectrometer was used to determine the elemental composition of individual particles. It was found that on a mass basis, only about 2% of the fly ash aerosol is water soluble. However, due to surface coating of insoluble fly ash particles with water soluble materials, the number of cloud condensation nuclei in a plume can be enhanced multifold over the background concentration. The passivation of the ice nucleation capability of fly ash can be alleviated by the evaporation of surface-deposited compounds.     

Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using microspherical particles of fly ash

Batch sorption experiments were carried out for the removal of cationic dyes (methylene blue and malachite green) from their aqueous solutions using sorbent made from fly ash-a waste material. Effects of various experimental parameters: initial dye concentration, contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, solution temperature, surfactant addition and ionic strength on the fly ash sorption of dyes were evaluated. The isothermal data for sorption followed the Langmuir model. The maximum sorption capacity obtained for methylene blue and malachite green was 36.05 mg/g and 40.65 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies indicate that sorption on fly ash follows the pseudo-second order kinetics. Present research suggests that fly ash could be an appropriate adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions.     

A comparative study of dye removal using fly ash treated by different methods

The effect of different methods for fly ash treatment using conventional chemical, sonochemical and microwave method on dye adsorption in aqueous solution was investigated. Three basic dyes, methylene blue, crystal violet and rhodamine B, are employed for adsorption testing. It is found that fly ash shows different adsorption capacity depending on type of dyes. Chemical treatment using HCl will increase the adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of HCl treated fly ash varies with the preparation conditions. Microwave treatment is a fast and efficient method while producing the sample with the highest adsorption capacity. Solution pH and inorganic salts in dye solution can significantly influence the adsorption. The adsorption data have been analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. The results indicate that the Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson models provide the better correlations with the experimental data.     

粉煤灰提取液的絮凝效应

为了回收利用粉煤灰,采用盐酸浸提法制备粉煤灰提取液（CFAL）用作絮凝剂。通过单因素实验优化CFAL的制备条件,并在高岭土模拟体系内研究CFAL的絮凝效应。研究在不同CFAL投加量下浊度的去除率,确定最佳的投加剂量及在此剂量下絮体的大小与沉降性能。对原浊度为100 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,当CFAL为0.44 mg·L-1（以Al的含量计）时,浊度去除率达到90%以上。在同等剂量下,聚合氯化铝（PAC）和氯化铝（AlCl3）的浊度去除率均低于CFAL,分别为78.7%和79.2%。CFAL的絮体大小约为400 μm,沉降较快,在20 min后,去除率达到90%以上;PAC和AlCl3的絮体分别为260和330 μm,分别沉降60和40 min后,去除率稳定在80%左右。在实验剂量范围内,CFAL絮凝后对高岭土悬浊液的pH不会造成明显影响,且余铝满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）,CFAL是一种廉价、高效、安全的混凝剂。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰的石材化固化处理

为促进垃圾焚烧飞灰的无害化处理及资源化利用,提出了一种石材化固化处理方法,并对其产物的使用性能、毒物浸出特性及该方法的经济效益进行探索。结果表明:该处理方法利用C80PHC生产中高温、高压、高湿环境及磨细石英砂的存在使水泥水化产物转变为托贝莫来石,一方面提高混凝土的致密性及强度,减少毒物浸出通道;另一方面将毒物包容或固结在其石材化的晶格中,几乎杜绝了毒物浸出。同时其产物的脱模强度及高压蒸养强度均满足C80PHC的使用要求,从而确保了其资源化利用的可行性。石材化固化处理的处理成本仅约为108.1元/t,使用时也无需额外占用土地、增加设备和材料成本,因此有望在低成本条件下达到无害化处理的工艺水平,是一项经济、环保、可靠的创新技术。     

粉煤灰对染料废水的脱色研究

研究了粉煤灰对活性染料、酸性染料、直接染料、阳离子染料、硫化染料和还原染料的脱色能力,确定了脱色率为９１％－９９％时的工艺条件,用粉煤灰处理实际废水既能降低色度又能除去大量ＣＯＤ。     

Comparison of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol conversion to PCDD/ PCDF on a MSWI-fly ash and a model fly ash

We performed experiments on two different matrices with 2,4,6-trichlorophenol as precursor to Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD)/F. A municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) and a model fly ash were spiked in two different ways. The experiments demonstrated a three times higher formation potential of the trichlorophenol to PCDD on MSWI fly ash compared with the model fly ash used. For both fly ashes the PCDD yield was higher when gaseous trichlorophenol was fed continuously compared to mixing the fly ashes prior to the experiments with the total amount of the precursor. Despite dilution of the fly ashes tenfold with an inactive matrix the conversion of the chlorophenol was very high.     

水泥对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化研究

采用水泥固化法处理垃圾焚烧飞灰,研究了飞灰与水泥质量比、养护时间、添加剂和化学预处理对垃圾焚烧飞灰固化块中重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr浸出的影响.结果表明,当飞灰与水泥质量比为3:4,养护时间为11d的条件下,以砂浆塑化剂为添加剂,固化块Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr的浸出浓度分别降低了72.4％、70.6％、60.0％...     

Geochemical investigations of metals release from submerged coal fly ash using extended elutriate tests

A storage pond dike failure occurred at the Tennessee Valley Authority Kingston Fossil Plant that resulted in the release of over 3.8 million cubic meters (5 million cubic yards) of fly ash. Approximately half of this material deposited in the main channel of the Emory River, 3.5 km upstream of the confluence of the Emory and Clinch Rivers, Tennessee, USA. Remediation efforts to date have focused on targeted removal of material from the channel through hydraulic dredging, as well as mechanical excavation in some areas. The agitation of the submerged fly ash during hydraulic dredging introduces river water into the fly ash material, which could alter the redox state of metals present in the fly ash and thereby change their sorption and mobility properties. A series of extended elutriate tests were used to determine the concentration and speciation of metals released from fly ash. Results indicated that arsenic and selenium species released from the fly ash materials during elutriate preparation were redox stable over the course of 10d, with dissolved arsenic being present as arsenate, and dissolved selenium being present as selenite. Concentrations of certain metals, such as arsenic, selenium, vanadium, and barium, increased in the elutriate waters over the 10d study, whereas manganese concentrations decreased, likely due to oxidation and precipitation reactions.