Nature of the action of a compost from olive mill wastewater on Cu sorption by soils

The reaction of two soils that have received composted OMW as manure with Cu solutions is studied. The data were fitted into a multi‐reaction model which considers both reversible and irreversible adsorption sites, and an ‘instantaneous’ fraction. The presence of composted OMW caused a strong increase in the distribution coefficient describing the instantaneous fraction, and the disappearance of the irreversible fraction. This behaviour was attributed to blocking of some sorbing surfaces by the organics, and to new surfaces present in the compost. These effects can have some environmental significance from the viewpoint of Cu mobility.     

Characterization of fulvic acids during olive mill waste composting (Elemental, Thermal and fluorescence analyses)

Elemental analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were applied to the study of fulvic acids isolated from different stages during olive mill waste composting. The fulvic extracted acids are characterized by a high nitrogen content and O/C ratio values that may result from the high degree of humification and the synthesis of more condensed humic complexes. This was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy in the synchronous-scan mode by the decrease of shoulder intensities at intermediate wavelengths indicating the increase of polycondensation and conjugation of unsaturated structures and the greater uniformity of fluorophores. Fluorescence spectra in the emission, excitation and synchronous modes became simpler with compost maturation. This was confirmed by DSC results which proved the high degree of polycondensation of aromatic nuclei of fulvic acid molecules during olive mill waste composting.     

Influence of short-term irrigation of textile mill wastewater on the growth of chickpea cultivars

The effect of textile mill wastewater on germination, delay index, physiological growth parameters, and plant pigments of two cultivars of chickpea was studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for irrigational purposes. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at a lower concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters (delay index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid) also followed a similar trend. Seeds germinated in 100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It has also been concluded that the effect of the textile effluent is cultivar-specific, and due care should be taken before using the textile mill wastewater for irrigation purposes.     

Influence of short-term irrigation of textile mill wastewater on the growth of chickpea cultivars

The effect of textile mill wastewater on germination, delay index, physiological growth parameters, and plant pigments of two cultivars of chickpea was studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for irrigational purposes. The textile effluent did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at a lower concentration (6.25%). The other reported plant parameters (delay index, root length, shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll, and carotenoid) also followed a similar trend. Seeds germinated in 100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It has also been concluded that the effect of the textile effluent is cultivar-specific, and due care should be taken before using the textile mill wastewater for irrigation purposes.     

土壤锌自然消减的研究进展

从影响土壤锌自然消减的因素方面，阐述了锌自然消减的研究进展。土壤锌自然消减受温度、水分、pH值、有机质、改良剂、化学肥料、栽培植物等因素的影响。温度降低、pH升高和淹水均使土壤中锌的有效性降低。种植超积累植物如遏蓝菜、紫花苕子、印度芥菜等，可以超量吸收土壤中的锌，加速锌的消减。土壤中的某些动物和微生物有吸收利用锌的特性，蚯蚓对锌有良好的富集作用。采取农业措施如施用有机肥、化肥、加入改良剂，栽培植物等，都能降低污染土壤中锌的有效性。文章还提出了该方面今后的研究重点。     

Toxicity of octameric elemental sulphur in aquatic sediments

The proportions of elemental sulphur species in sediment from a contaminated area and a reference sediment sample were compared with the acute toxicity measured in short-term toxicity tests. Octameric elemental sulphur was separated into three operationally defined fractions. Here we show that octameric elemental sulphur contributes to the acute toxicity measured by bioluminescence inhibition. Our findings show that only a small part of extractable elemental sulphur was effective during exposure to the test organisms. A firmly bound fraction of sulphur was found in a contaminated sediment. This information has to be taken into account while interpreting the acute sediment toxicity.     

Friendships between males and lactating females in a free-ranging group of olive baboons (Papio hamadryas anubis): evidence from playback experiments

Close association between an anoestrous female at the time of lactation and adult male(s) is relatively rare in mammals, but common in baboons (Papio hamadryas subsp.). The functional significance of these “friendships” remains unclear, however. In chacma baboons (P. h. griseipes), friendships are a counter-strategy to infanticide by immigrant males. Experimental playback of female distress calls in chacma baboons revealed that male friends are more motivated to protect females and infants than are control males. Olive baboons (P. h. anubis) also exhibit friendships, but infanticide is rare, suggesting that friendships provide females with protection from non-lethal aggression (anti-harassment hypothesis) or serve to promote male–infant bonds that later benefit the maturing juvenile (future male caretaker hypothesis). We replicated these playback experiments on a group of olive baboons to test between these hypotheses and to evaluate if the lower costs of non-lethal harassment lessens male protective responsiveness relative to protection from (more costly) infanticide. Spatial data revealed that most lactating females had one to four friend males. Relative to non-friends, friend dyads were characterized by higher rates of allogrooming and infant handling, but less agonism. Female rank was correlated with the number of male friends. Just as in chacma baboons, playback of female screams elicited stronger responses from male friends than control males in support the anti-harassment hypothesis. Compared to the chacma baboon, male olive baboons appeared to exhibit similarly high levels of protective solicitude for female friends although they protect against non-lethal harassment rather than infanticide.     

不同土壤类型中外源汞对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的毒性

参考国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的跳虫毒性测试方法 ISO11267,分析了汞(Hg)在我国9种典型土壤中对白符跳(Folsomia candida)的急性毒性及繁殖毒性。发现Hg在不同类型土壤中对白符跳的半数致死浓度(LC50)变化为(0.92~1.94)mg·kg-1,而对白符跳繁殖产生影响的半数效应浓度(EC50)变化范围为(0.98~2.43)mg·kg-1,产生10%影响的浓度(EC10)变化范围为(0.29~1.40)mg·kg-1。将土壤的主要理化性质(p H、OM、CEC)与Hg对白符跳的EC50进行相关性回归分析,发现土壤CEC与EC50呈显著正相关关系(r=0.8624,p0.01),随着土壤CEC的增大,Hg的EC50值也趋于升高。因此,土壤CEC可能是导致不同类型土壤中汞对白符跳毒性差异的主要因素。本研究结果可为制定基于我国土壤类型的生态筛选值提供基础参考数据。     

3D geometric structures and biological activity: Application to microbial soil organic matter decomposition in pore space

During the past 10 years, soil scientists have started to use 3D Computed Tomography in order to gain a clearer understanding of the geometry of soil structure and its relationships with soil properties. We propose a geometric model for the 3D representation of pore space and a practical method for its computation. Our basic idea consists in representing pore space using a minimal set of maximal balls (Delaunay spheres) recovering the shape skeleton. In this representation, each ball could be considered as a maximal local cavity corresponding to the “intuitive” notion of a pore as described in the literature. The space segmentation induced by the network of balls (pores) was then used to spatialize biological dynamics. Organic matter and microbial decomposers were distributed within the balls (pores). A valuated graph representing the pore network, organic matter and distribution of micro-organisms was then defined. Microbial soil organic matter decomposition was simulated by updating this valuated graph. The method was implemented and tested using real CT images. The model produced realistic simulated results when compared with data in the literature in terms of the water retention curve and carbon mineralization. A decrease in water pressure decreased carbon mineralization, which is also in accordance with findings in the literature. From our results we showed that the influence of water pressure on decomposition is a function of organic matter distribution in the pore space. As far as we know, this is the approach to have linked pore space geometry and biological dynamics in a formal way. Our next goal will be to compare the model with experimental data of decomposition using different soil structures, and to define geometric typologies of pore space shape that can be attached to specific biological and dynamic properties.     

不同载畜率对短花针茅荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

草地是我国最大的陆地生态系统,土壤呼吸是草地碳循环研究的重要内容,是土壤碳库输出的主要方式,影响大气中CO2浓度变化。放牧是草地主要利用方式之一,通过动物采食和践踏,改变植被冠层结构,对土壤理化性质、土壤有机质和土壤微生物产生影响,进而改变土壤呼吸速率。为探究不同载畜率对短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）荒漠草原土壤呼吸速率的影响,2011—2012年用Li-8100开路式碳通量测定系统,对生长季内（6—10月）4个不同载畜率处理下的土壤呼吸进行测定,测定周期为2周1次。辅助测定地下10 cm的土壤温度及土壤湿度,并分析土壤呼吸与土壤温、湿度的关系。结果表明：1）2011年不同载畜率对土壤呼吸速率无显著影响,表现为对照〉中度放牧〉轻度放牧〉重度放牧的变化趋势。2012年与对照（1.6μmol·m-2·s-1）相比,重度放牧（1.07μmol·m-2·s-1）显著降低土壤呼吸速率。总体而言,2011年土壤呼吸速率低于2012年,但差异不显著。2011年土壤温度（20.73℃）显著高于2012年（14.38℃）,不同处理间无显著差异,重度放牧区偏高。2012年土壤湿度（7.24%）显著高于2011年（4.11%）,对2年数据整体分析发现,轻度放牧区土壤湿度显著低于对照和中度放牧。2011年土壤湿度变化趋势为中度放牧〉对照〉重度放牧〉轻度放牧。2012年,轻度放牧土壤湿度最小,各处理间差异不显著。2）2011年,土壤呼吸与土壤温度月动态无明显规律,与土壤湿度呈现相反的变化趋势。2012年土壤呼吸的月动态与土壤温、湿度变化趋势相似。3）2011年,土壤呼吸速率随温度升高出现波动,与土壤湿度呈负相关。2012年,土壤呼吸速率随土壤温、湿度升高而增大。在干旱年份,降水减少会掩盖放牧对土壤呼吸的影响;在降雨较多的年份,重度放牧显著降低土壤呼吸速率。     

日本关于制浆造纸厂排水的生物影响研究现状

日本自１９９４年以来的近６年中,对全国近２０个制浆造纸厂排水进行了生物影响实验研究,研究内容主要是排水对生物急性毒性实验、亚急性毒性实验、慢性毒性实验与二恶英分析、采用食物链上不同等级的三类水生生物与发光菌等为实验生物、毒性指标主要有ＬＣ５０、ＩＣ２０、ＩＣ５０、ＥＣ１０、ＥＣ３０、ＬＯＥＣ、ＮＯＥＣ等,排水的ＣＯＤ／ＢＯＤ比值也与生物毒性具相关性。     

滨海盐田建设对周边土壤及植被的影响

随着滨海盐业的迅猛发展,盐田的急剧扩张已经对周边环境产生了影响。通过调查盐田周边植被分布特征,分析与植被带对应的典型样地土壤理化性质的空间异质性,研究了盐田对周边土壤及植被的影响。结果表明：盐田周边的植被分布存在明显的空间异质性,在盐田周边呈带状分布,且距盐田越近,植被盖度、物种丰富度越低。土壤含盐量的空间分布在宏观上表现为距盐田越近,含盐量越高,土壤盐渍化越重。距离盐田20m处土壤含盐量平均值达8.22g·kg-1,距离盐田1000m处,土壤含盐量平均值为1.84g·kg-1,土壤含盐量显著降低,且表层土壤含盐量与采样地距盐田间的距离之间呈显著相关关系。由此可见,盐田的扩建已经显著加重了周边土壤的盐渍化程度。     

Fate of the veterinary medicine ivermectin in soil

We investigated the fate of the drug ivermectin in the soil. We found that ivermectin was transformed solely by photos, leading to the formation of two ivermectin isomers. We indeed failed to detect any biotransformation reaction of the chemical either in the soil or in fungal liquid cultures. According to its limited water solubility, the bioavailability of ivermectin was very low in the soil solution. Here, we show that ivermectin, transferred to the soil from faeces of drug-treated cattle, could be stored for long periods in the soil.     

Individual-based modelling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soils: Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of microbial components

The fate of soil carbon and nitrogen compounds in soils in response to climate change is currently the object of significant research. In particular, there is much interest in the development of a new generation of micro-scale models of soil ecosystems processes. Crucial to the elaboration of such models is the ability to describe the growth and metabolism of small numbers of individual microorganisms, distributed in a highly heterogeneous environment. In this context, the key objective of the research described in this article was to further develop an individual-based soil organic matter model, INDISIM-SOM, first proposed a few years ago, and to assess its performance with a broader experimental data set than previously considered. INDISIM-SOM models the dynamics and evolution of carbon and nitrogen associated with organic matter in soils. The model involves a number of state variables and parameters related to soil organic matter and microbial activity, including growth and decay of microbial biomass, temporal evolutions of easily hydrolysable N, mineral N in ammonium and nitrate, CO₂ and O₂. The present article concentrates on the biotic components of the model. Simulation results demonstrate that the model can be calibrated to provide good fit to experimental data from laboratory incubation experiments performed on three different types of Mediterranean soils. In addition, analysis of the sensitivity toward its biotic parameters shows that the model is far more sensitive to some parameters, i.e., the microbial maintenance energy and the probability of random microbial death, than to others. These results suggest that, in the future, research should focus on securing better measurements of these parameters, on environmental determinants of the switch from active to dormant states, and on the causes of random cell death in soil ecosystems.     

土壤水库和森林植被对水资源的调节作用

以湖南省土地、森林利用状况等有关资料为基础,从土壤和森林对降水形成径流的影响,调节水资源的数量和方式,防洪抗旱减灾方面的作用3个层次,详细地剖析了土壤水库和森林植被对水资源的调节作用。结果指出,土壤水库和森林植被能够调节水资源,其潜力非常大。合理利用土壤水库和森林植被可以蓄水保土减蚀,削减洪峰,减少自然灾害。     

Bt肠毒素基因与plcR基因的相关性及肠毒素对小鼠的急性毒性

用PCR方法检测溶血肠毒素BL、肠毒素T和肠毒素S三种肠毒素基因(hblA、becT、entS)及毒素调控基因plcR在30株苏云金芽胞杆菌株(Bt)中的分布.结果表明,含有hblA基因、entS基因、becT基因及plcR基因片段的Bt菌株分别占66.7%、70%、70%和73.3%.其中,含有plcR基因的菌株都至少含有一种肠毒素基因,不含肠毒素基因的菌株也未检测到plcR基因,说明plcR基因与肠毒素基因有着密切的关系.用3个Bt菌株WB9、HD2和HD9(都含有hblA、becT、entS和plcR基因片段,HD2和HD9经RPLA与TECRA肠毒素检测试剂盒检测具有高滴度)对小白鼠进行口服急性毒性试验.结果表明,所有3种供试菌株的发酵上清液对小白鼠行为和健康没有明显影响,对内部器官(心、肝、肺等)也没有产生病理现象.图5表3参14     

污灌湿地系统土壤-植物中铬的赋存形态研究

采取逐级提取法对江苏盐城某污水灌溉湿地土壤中的铬的赋存形态以及其上生长的丰要植物芦苇的不同组织部位中的总铬进行了分析测定，并研究其生物有效性。结果表明：与对照点相比，污灌土壤中铬质最分数明显升高而受到不同程度的污染，其赋存形态质量分数由高到低顺序为残渣态（RES-）→铁锰态（（OFeMn-））→碳酸态（CARB-）→有机态（OM-）和交换态（EX-）之和。芦苇不同组织部位中铬分布研究表明根部质量分数远大于茎和叶，说明根系吸收为主要作用，而后迁移至其它易积累部位。对各种形态的铬与植物中的铬总量之间的相关性进行了分析，相关系数表明，植物中的生物富集量与各种赋存形态都有一定的线性关系，其中强有机质结合态与生物富集量具有最好的线性相关性。     

上海化学工业区土壤重金属元素形态分析

选取上海化学工业区土壤背景值样品，采用Tessier A连续提取法研究土壤中6种重金属元素的形态分布。研究结果表明，在该化工区土壤中，Cd主要以可交换态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主，分别占总量的41．5％和36．7％，说明元素Cd较活泼，具有潜在的环境影响能力，应该给予更多的关注；Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn等4种元素主要以有机结合态和残余态为主，两者分别占总量的41．4％、58．9％、31．4、32．5％和45．9％、31．5％、57．4％、52．3％；而Pb则主要以有机结合态形式存在，其占总量的87．8％；元素形态分析表明Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn和Pb这5种元素相对比较稳定。     

Persistence and dissipation of dazomet in soil and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum mill) seedlings

The persistence and dissipation pattern of dazomet residues in nursery bed soil and tomato seedlings under field condition and in submerged soil and surface water under laboratory condition was studied. In nursery bed soil the half life (t _1/2) of dazomet ranged from 1.85 to 3.09 days indicating very rapid dissipation. No residues existed in tomato seedlings sown on the treated plots 3 weeks after application and the seedlings were healthy and devoid of any deformation. Under submerged condition dissipation was much faster both in soil and surface water, t_1/2 being 0.82–0.84 days only in water.     

稀土元素的骨蓄积性、毒性及其对人群健康的潜在危害

综合论述了稀土元素在机体内的蓄积性及其毒性效应,分析了稀土农业应用对生态环境和人群骨系统健康的潜在危害.稀土元素被长期低剂量摄入,可在骨组织中蓄积,导致骨组织结构变化,骨髓微核率增高,产生遗传毒性.