Particulate and sulfur dioxide concentration measurements in Patras,Greece

The purpose of this study was to obtain a better assessment of the Patras, Greece, air quality, in terms of the primary pollutants total suspended particulates (TSPs) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), because limited and short-duration measurements have been conducted in the past. Installation and operation of a mobile air monitoring station at two different locations in the Patras downtown area and one location in the outskirts of the city was undertaken and covered the periods July 1, 1994-January 30, 1995; March 18-August 23, 1995; and April 19-July 27, 1996, respectively. For both pollutants measured at each location, the monthly average concentrations and typical weekly variation of daily averages, as well as the diurnal variations and frequency concentration distributions in each month of the monitoring periods, were calculated and are presented in bar diagrams. The annual and winter period medians and the annual 98th percentile were also calculated and are compared with the limit and guide values provided by the European Economic Community Council Directive 80/779/EEC. In addition, comparison of SO2 values is made with the limit values adopted by the more recent Directive 1999/30/EC. It was found that the TSP and SO2 levels at all locations were very low and were lower than the levels found in Thessaloniki and Athens, Greece. An attempt to explain what had been measured is also undertaken. The data presented are considered essential for future reference and comparison purposes.     

Chicken manure increased concentration of organic sulfur compounds in field-grown onions

A field study was conducted at Kentucky State University (KSU) Research Farm. The soil in five plots was mixed with sewage sludge, five plots were mixed with yard waste compost, five plots were mixed with laying hen manure each at 15 t acre^?1, and five unamended plots that never received soil amendments were used for comparison purposes. Plots were planted with onion, Allium cepa L. var. Super Star-F1. The objectives of this investigation were to: 1) determine the concentrations of two organosulfur compounds (dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide) in onion bulbs and 2) investigate the effect of mixing soil with three amendments (sewage sludge, yard waste, and chicken manure) on the concentration of dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide in onion bulbs. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analyses of onion oil in chloroform extracts revealed the presence of two major fragment ions that correspond to dipropyl disulfide and – trisulfide. Concentration of these two organic sulfur compounds was greatest (1.5 and 0.8 mg 100 g^?1 fresh weight, respectively) in onion bulbs of plants grown in chicken manure and lowest (0.4 and 0.07 mg 100 g^?1 fresh weight, respectively) in onion bulbs of plants grown in yard waste compost treatments. We concluded that chicken manure could be exploited in growing onions with health-promoting properties.     

Simplified Pearson distributions applied to air pollutant concentration

Determination of Pearson system of distribution is proposed by using first three moments of the data. The actual distribution of air pollutant concentration observed at two typical areas is well approximated by Type VI distribution (Beta distribution of the second kind). About half of the data observed around an isolated source show convex curve when the cumulative frequencies are drawn on the probability paper of log-normal distribution which belongs to Type VI of Pearson system. Errors of the distributions are evaluated between log-normal and Type VI of Pearson system.     

Trends in fine particle concentration and chemical composition in southern California

Airborne fine particle mass concentrations in Southern California have declined in recent years. Trends in sulfate and elemental carbon (EC) particle concentrations over the period 1982-1993 are consistent with this overall improvement in air quality and help to confirm some of the reasons for the changes that are seen. Fine particle sulfate concentrations have declined as a strict sulfur oxides (SOx) emission control program adopted in 1978 was implemented over time. Fine particle elemental (black) carbon concentrations have declined over a period when newer diesel engines and improved diesel fuels have been introduced into the vehicle fleet. Organic aerosol concentrations have not declined as rapidly as the EC particle concentrations, despite the fact that catalyst-equipped cars having lower particle emission rates were introduced into the vehicle fleet alongside the diesel engine improvements mentioned above. This situation is consistent with the growth in population and vehicle miles traveled in the air basin over time. Fine particle ammonium nitrate in the Los Angeles area atmosphere contributes more than half of the fine aerosol mass concentration on the highest concentration days of the year, emphasizing both the need for accurate aerosol nitrate measurements and the likely importance of deliberate control of aerosol nitrate as a part of any serious further fine particle control program for the Los Angeles area.     

基于单质硫回收的高含硫废水氧化

采用双氧水在常温常压下对实验室模拟的高浓度含硫废水进行处理,考察了双氧水的浓度、初始pH和反应时间对硫化物去除效果的影响,以及含硫废水去除过程中氧化还原电位(ORP)的控制对氧化产物的影响,分析了固相产物的晶体和表面结构。结果表明,在双氧水浓度为0.147 mol/L、初始pH为6、反应时间为9 min的条件下,废水中硫化物浓度由1985.46 mg/L降至38.37 mg/L,硫化物去除率达到98.07%,去除效果最佳。在初始ORP值不同的条件下,体系中主要的氧化产物为单质硫和硫酸根;当加入的氧化剂不足时,单质硫和硫酸根随ORP值降低而增加,当加入氧化剂过量时,单质硫和硫酸根随ORP值增加而增加;当体系中ORP值控制在60~178 mV时,单质硫的产量都能达到较为理想的值。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,体系中固相产物为环状斜方硫(α-硫)。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,单质硫颗粒为表面不光滑的球状颗粒,粒径呈微米级,越小越易聚集在一起。     

Trends in air concentration and deposition of mercury in the coastal environment of the North Sea Area

An evaluation of mercury observations from North Sea coastal stations during 1995–2002 has been performed. The mercury data originate from EMEP/OSPAR stations in Ireland, Netherlands, Germany, Norway and Sweden where mercury in precipitation and Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) have been measured. A decreasing trend in mercury wet deposition is observed. The decrease is sufficiently large to be significant considering measurement precision and appears to occur at all the studied sites. The reduction in deposition is 10–30% when comparing the two periods 1995–1998 and 1999–2002. The trend is likely to be due to emission controls in Europe. In contrast, no decreasing trend in TGM could be observed during the same time periods. A plausible explanation is that the TGM concentration measured in the OSPAR area to a larger extent than before is dominated by the hemispherical background concentration of TGM.     

On the proportionality of fine mass concentration and extinction coefficient for bimodal size distributions

For a bimodal size distribution of ambient aerosol the upper particle size limit of the fine aerosol fraction can be chosen in such a way that the extinction coefficient for light scattering and absorption is directly proportional to the fine mass concentration, regardless of the magnitude of the coarse mass concentration. With the size parameters of the modes taken to be the “grand average continental” values of Whitby, the upper size limit is 3.4 μm (aerodynamic diameter). Consequently, the extinction coefficient could be inferred from a measurement of the fine mass concentration only, even in arid regions where coarse aerosol concentrations usually far exceed the fine.     

Total sulfur aerosol concentration with an electrostatically pulsed flame photometric detector system

This paper describes a new system for continuous measurement of ambient aerosol sulfur concentrations. The system consists of a pulsed electrostatic precipitator followed by a total sulfur flame photometric detector (FDP). With this system the output signal of the FPD is composed of a DC signal related to the gas phase sulfur concentration and an AC signal related to aerosol sulfur concentration. The AC signal is separated from the DC signal by a phase and frequency selective lock-in amplifier. Using a standard Meloy SA-285 FPD and operating at a chopping frequency of 0.2 Hz the system has a sensitivity of about 0.2 μg m⁻³ (as sulfur) for ammonium sulfate at a signal to peak-to-peak noise ratio of one and has a system response time of about 1.5 min. Some interference from SO₂ exists but should be minimized by modification of the precipitator and of the linearizer electronics of the FPD. A thermal speciation system has been developed for use in conjunction with the system to yield information on the chemical composition of the aerosol sulfur measured. Preliminary field evaluations of the instrument were performed at the Los Angeles Roadway Study. The instrument performed well and aerosol total sulfur concentrations measured with it were in good agreement with measurements by other methods.     

超重力-磷酸钠法脱除低浓度SO2

为开发脱硫率高、成本低、可回收SO2的脱硫技术,以旋转填料床为吸收设备,磷酸钠溶液为吸收剂,系统开展了液气比L／G、转速N、气体中SO2浓度CSO2,in吸收剂磷酸浓度CL和初始pH等工艺参数和溶液再生循环次数对脱硫率叼影响的实验研究。结果表明,叩随L／G、N、CL和初始pH的增加而增大,且它们的值越低时,叩增加越明显;受G和CSO2,in影响较小。在适宜操作条件下,脱硫率达99％以上,出口SO2浓度低于100mg／m^3。磷酸钠溶液可再生循环使用,脱硫率稳定在99％以上。表明超重力-磷酸钠法脱硫技术在小的液气比下即可达到高的脱硫率,吸收剂循环使用,可实现低成本并达标治理SO2废气,且适用范围宽,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

超重力-磷酸钠法脱除低浓度SO2

为开发脱硫率高、成本低、可回收SO₂的脱硫技术,以旋转填料床为吸收设备,磷酸钠溶液为吸收剂,系统开展了液气比L/G、转速N、气体中SO₂浓度CSO₂,in、吸收剂磷酸浓度CL和初始pH等工艺参数和溶液再生循环次数对脱硫率η影响的实验研究。结果表明,η随L/G、N、CL和初始pH的增加而增大,且它们的值越低时,η增加越明显;受G和CSO₂,in影响较小。在适宜操作条件下,脱硫率达99%以上,出口SO₂浓度低于100 mg/m³。磷酸钠溶液可再生循环使用,脱硫率稳定在99%以上。表明超重力-磷酸钠法脱硫技术在小的液气比下即可达到高的脱硫率,吸收剂循环使用,可实现低成本并达标治理SO₂废气,且适用范围宽,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

On-road measurements of ultrafine particle concentration profiles and their size distributions inside the longest highway tunnel in Southeast Asia

This study measured ultrafine particle (UFP) levels and their size distributions in the Hsuehshan tunnel from August 12 to 19, 2009, using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer. Measurement results demonstrate that traffic volume, the slope of the tunnel (downhill or uphill) and the ventilation system affected UFP levels inside the tunnel. Average UFP levels were about 1.0 × 10⁵–3.0 × 10⁵ particles cm^?3 at normal traffic volume. A traffic jam in the tunnel could raise UFP levels to over 1.0 × 10⁶ particles cm^?3. UFP levels at the uphill bore were significantly higher than those at the downhill bore due to high UFP levels exhausted from vehicles going uphill at high engine load conditions. UFP levels eventually diluted 10–50% with fresh air from tunnel air shafts. Gas-to-particle condensation conversion markedly produced nucleation mode particles at the tunnel entrance section. Observations also showed Aitken mode particles markedly formed by coagulation growth of nucleation mode particles in the tunnel middle section and exit section. That is, the particle size distributions changed significantly inside the tunnel. Measurement results suggest that particles in the Aitken mode in the long tunnel governed UFP levels.     

Trends in concentration of ground-level ozone and meteorological conditions during high ozone episodes in the Kao-Ping Airshed, Taiwan

This work analyzes the variations in daily maximum 1-hr ozone (O3) concentrations and the long-term trends in annual means of hourly ambient concentrations of O3, nitrogen oxides (nitrous oxide + nitrogen dioxide), and nonmethane hydrocarbons in the three administrative regions of Kao-Ping airshed in southern Taiwan over a recent 8-yr period. The annual or monthly means of all maxima, most 95th percentiles, and some 90th percentiles of the daily maximum 1-hr O3 concentrations exceed the daily limit of 120 parts per billion by volume in all three regions, namely, Kao-hsiung City, Kso-hsiung County, and P'ing-tung County. The monthly means of daily maximum 1-hr O3 concentrations exhibit distinct seasonal variations, with a bimodal form with the maxima in autumn and late winter to the middle of spring and a minimum in summer. The long-term variations in the annual means of hourly O3 concentrations in the three regions exhibit increasing trends. These increases in O3 are associated with the decline in ambient concentrations of nitrogen oxides and nonmethane hydrocarbons. High O3 episodes occur most often in autumn and most rarely in summer. The seasonal mean mixing heights in descending order follow the order of spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Meteorological parameters in autumn and winter indicate that the ground-level O3 tends to accumulate and trigger a high O3 episode on a warm day with sufficient sunlight and low wind in a high-pressure system, consistent with the low mixing heights in these two seasons.     

中国SO_2排放对日本SO_2浓度及硫沉降的影响

利用相关文献及来自酸沉降网的中、日两国各观测站点的SO2监测资料,分析了近十年来中国SO2的污染现状、趋势及排放量对下风向日本各观测站点SO2浓度及硫沉降量的影响。结果表明,通过文献分析可知,2001—2009中国的SO2年均质量浓度分布在40~50μg/m3,总体呈下降趋势;中国部分城市的SO2年均浓度与中国SO2排放量的相关性总体高于日本各观测站点的SO2年均浓度与中国SO2排放量的相关性,中国的SO2排放对日本各观测站点的SO2年均浓度影响总体较小;情景模拟分析发现,中国SO2排放量对日本各观测站点SO2年均浓度的贡献率在7.5%~44.0%,平均贡献率为22.6%;中国SO2排放量对日本各观测站点硫沉降的贡献率在8%~41%,平均贡献率为22.1%。     

An analysis of the sulfur budget and interstate sulfur transport for Colorado

The sulfur budget for Colorado is analyzed in order to understand the importance of interstate transport and natural sources to wet sulfur deposition in the state. A climatological box model is used to separate the various contributions to sulfur deposition. We demonstrate that sulfur dioxide molecules emitted in Colorado have a low probability of wet deposition in Colorado. Therefore, as much as 80 per cent or more of the wet sulfur deposition in the state must be ascribed to external anthropogenic sulfur sources, such as non-ferrous metal smelters and electric powerplants unless some large unspecified natural sulfur source exists.     

硫/石灰石自养反硝化处理低碳高氮城市污水的工艺

利用水泥+沙子的胶凝骨架材料作为生物反应器填料骨架,通过胶凝粘附1∶1配比的硫粉和石灰石粉的方法制备自养反硝化填料,在自行设计的自制硫/石灰石填料自养反硝化系统中,考察了该工艺对以低C/N为特性且含低氨氮高总氮的城市污水处理厂二级处理出水的脱氮性能,并优化了主要工艺参数。结果表明,在进水总氮为40.92 mg/L,COD为38.92 mg/L,C∶TN∶NH+4-N=8.6∶9∶1的条件下,系统最优水力停留时间为3.2 h,系统最优初始pH值为7,最适反硝化温度为32.8℃,TN去除率为90%~92%。比传统按1∶1体积比例投加硫磺与石灰的反应器在处理时间方面缩短60%以上,去除效率也大有提高。     

单质硫冲击对含硫废水中硫细菌与聚糖菌竞争关系的影响

聚糖菌的富集会与硫循环耦合反硝化除磷系统(denitrifying sulfur conversion-associated enhanced biological phosphorous removal,DS-EBPR)内功能种群微生物——硫细菌发生竞争,从而导致除磷效果波动。因此,首先对母反应器中微生物进行了长期驯化,然后通过向批次实验小反应器中投加单质硫,研究单质硫短期冲击对含硫废水中硫细菌与聚糖菌竞争关系的影响。结果表明,经过长期驯化,在母反应器中发现了硫细菌与聚糖菌共存的现象;而短期冲击实验结果表明,在单个周期反应过程中,虽然单质硫的投加对微生物内源物质(聚羟基脂肪酸酯、糖原)转化量、氮磷去除效果影响不大,但其可以提高硫细菌的活性,增加硫转化量,使得硫细菌在与聚糖菌的竞争中取得优势地位。     

Trends in size classified particle number concentration in subtropical Brisbane,Australia, based on a 5 year study

Particle number size distribution data in the range from 0.015 to 0.630 μm were collected over a 5-year period in the central business district (CBD) of Brisbane, Australia. Particle size distribution was summarised by total number concentration and number median diameter (NMD) as well as the number concentration of the 0.015–0.030 (N_15–30), 0.030–0.050 (N_30–50), 0.050–0.100 (N_50–100), 0.100–0.300 (N_100–300) and 0.300–0.630 (N_300–630) μm size classes. Morning (6:00–10:00) and afternoon (16:00–19:00) measurements, the former representing fresh traffic emissions (based on the local meteorological conditions) and the latter well-mixed emissions from the CBD, during weekdays were extracted and the respective monthly mean values were estimated for time series analysis. For all size fractions, average morning concentrations were about 1.5 higher than in the afternoon whereas NMD did not vary between the morning and afternoon. The trend and seasonal components were extracted through weighted linear regression models, using the monthly variance as weights. Only the morning measurements exhibited significant trends. During this time of the day, total particle number increased by 105.7% and the increase was greater for larger particles, resulting in a shift in NMD by 7.9%. Although no seasonal component was detected the evidence against it remained weak due to the limitations of the database.     

A simulation of sulfur wet deposition and its dependence on the inflow of sulfur species to storms

Numerical precipitation scavenging models are used to investigate the relationship between the inflow concentrations of sulfur species to precipitation systems and the resulting sulfur wet deposition. Simulations have been made for summer and winter seasons using concentration ranges of SO₂, aerosol SO₄²⁻, H₂O₂ and O₃ appropriate for the eastern U.S. summer simulations use one-dimensional timedependent convective cloud and scavenging models; winter simulations use two-dimensional steady-state warm-frontal models. Sulfur scavenging mechanisms include nucleation scavenging of aerosol, aqueous reactions of H₂O₂, O₃ and HCHO with S(IV), and nonreactive S(IV) scavenging. Over the wide range of conditions that have been examined, the relation between sulfur inflow and sulfur wet deposition varies from nearly linear to strongly nonlinear. The degree of nonlinearity is most affected by aerosol SO₄²⁻ levels and relative levels of SO₂ vs H₂O₂. Higher aerosol SO₄²⁻ levels (as found in summer) produce a more linear relation. The greatest nonlinearity occurs when SO₂ exceeds H₂O₂. Winter simulations show more nonlinearity than summer simulations.