天然水体沉积物的表面特征

本文运用表面络合的模式和原理，研究了江西乐安江下游黄龙庙沉积物的表面特征，通过酸碱滴定实验求定了样吕的零电点ｐＨＰＺＣ、表面质子电荷密度σＨ和表面总吸附位ＮＳ；应用图解法和ＦＩＴＥＱＬ程序计算法求定了江西乐安江下游黄龙库沉积物样品的表面固有常数；对恒定容量模式、扩散层模式和三层模式在天然水体沉积物中的应用进行了比较，研究表明，应用表面络合模式研究天然水体沉积物的表面特是可行的，三种模式都能在一定程     

天然水体沉积物对重金属离子的吸附特性

本文运用表面络合模式，研究了江西乐安江下游黄龙庙沉积物的吸附特性，测定了样品对重金属ＣＵ，ｃＤ的吸附等温线和ＰＨ吸附突跃曲线；应用ＦＩＴＥＱＯ程序计算了沉积物的表面固有吸附常数；对恒定容量模式，扩散层模式和三层模式在天然水体沉积物中的应用进行了比较。     

黄河沉积物对磷的吸附行为

研究了黄河流域9个沉积物对磷的吸附行为,用修改后的Langmuir等温吸附模型对吸附实验数据进行了拟合,得到最大吸附容量PAC、Langmuir吸附平衡常数k.利用所得拟合参数通过公式计算方法得到EPC_0,以此判断沉积物是磷"源"还是磷"汇",分析了沉积物组成及其理化性质与磷吸附特征的关系.结果表明,各沉积物的吸附,解吸平衡磷浓度EPC_0范围在0.0031～0.109 3 mg/L,,其值也较低,与可解吸的内源磷含量正相关,与地理位置没有表现出相关性.在本研究条件下,在壶口张家湾断面,沉积物对磷表现为"汇";而其他沉积物对磷表现为"源",但释放量和吸附量不大.黄河沉积物对磷的最大吸附容量PAC的范围为0.073～0.454 mg/L,吸附能力较弱,沉积物的最大吸附容量与沉积物的有机质有较好的正相关关系.此外,沉积物对磷的吸附存在明显的固体浓度C_S效应,吸附滞后角随着C_S的增加而增大,随着同体浓度的增加,沉积物对P的吸附量逐渐降低,但EPCC_0值却增大,体现了颗粒物在磷循环中的两性作用.     

黄河上中游水体沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附/释放行为

研究了黄河上中游8个沉积物磷酸盐的吸附/释放动力学,比较了不同沉积物吸附磷的差别,分析了沉积物磷形态对磷吸附特征的影响.结果表明,沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附与释放均主要在前8 h内完成,在前0.5 h内对磷的吸附和释放速率均最快,在24 h内吸附基本达到平衡;沉积物对磷的等温吸附曲线既符合线性方程和Freundlich模型,同时也较好地符合Langmuir模型.据Langmuir模型计算得出沉积物对磷的最大吸附容量为0.095～0.272 mg·g-1,且最大吸附容量与沉积物总磷、可交换态磷和有机质含量呈显著正相关;沉积物在相应的上覆水中对磷酸盐的吸附过程存在一个吸附/解吸平衡点,对应的吸附/解吸平衡质量浓度为0.009～0.031 mg·L-1,均大于相应上覆水体中磷浓度,说明沉积物有向上覆水释磷的趋势.     

非离子表面活性剂对有机磷农药在沉积物上吸附行为的影响

用振荡平衡方法,研究了非离子表面活性剂Brij35和Brij30在沉积物上的吸附行为及其对甲基对硫磷在三种沉积物上吸附的影响.结果表明:Brij35的吸附符合Langmuir型吸附等温线;Brij30的吸附符合S型吸附等温线.对于有机质含量高的沉积物,Brij35抑制甲基对硫磷的吸附,Brij30在加入浓度大于CMC时能促进甲基对硫磷的吸附,低于CMC时则抑制甲基对硫磷的吸附.对于有机质含量低的沉积物,Brij35和Brij30均能使甲基对硫磷的吸附量增加.表面活性剂对甲基对硫磷吸附行为的影响机理为吸附态和溶解态的表面活性剂对甲基对硫磷的吸附和增溶共同作用的结果,表面活性剂吸附态对甲基对硫磷吸附的贡献主要来自于吸附并集聚于沉积物表面的表面活性剂,通过分配作用进入沉积物有机质的表面活性剂吸附态贡献率小.     

土壤和沉积物中非水解有机碳对菲的吸附

采用改进的酸水解方法对土壤和沉积物中的有机质组分进行了分离和提取,用固体13C核磁共振（13CNMR）表征了非水解有机碳（NHC）,同时研究了不同有机质组分对菲的吸附行为,结果表明,菲的吸附等温线都呈现出明显的非线性,能很好地拟合Freundlich方程;而且NHC和碳黑（BC）比其原始和去矿样品的吸附容量都有明显提高.这些结果揭示了NHC和BC主要控制着菲在土壤和沉积物中的吸附行为.沉积物及其NHC对菲的吸附容量要高于土壤及其NHC,这与土壤和沉积物中有机质的不同来源有关.     

河口潮滩沉积物对氨氮的等温吸附特性

以长江河口滨岸潮滩为研究对象 ,运用模拟实验的方法 ,研究了潮滩沉积物对氨氮的等温吸附特征 .结果表明 ,在模拟实验上覆水中氨氮的浓度 ( <1 40 μg·ml- 1 )范围内 ,沉积物对氨氮的吸附呈线性特征 .长江河口潮滩沉积物对氨氮的吸附系数在 3 81— 9 0 0之间 ,且与沉积物中有机碳 (TOC)的含量有良好的相关关系 (相关系数r =0 779,α =0 0 5 /) ,揭示了有机质控制着长江河口潮滩沉积物中氨氮的吸附行为 .模拟实验结果还发现 ,在淡水控制区域内 ,潮滩沉积物中固定态氨氮的含量处在 1 6 68— 33 73μg·g- 1 (dw)之间 ,而在海水所控制的潮滩沉积物中固定态氨氮的含量在 0 5 7— 6 36μg·g- 1 (dw)之间 ,这可能反映了研究区域内潮滩沉积物中固定态氨氮的含量主要受盐度控制     

不同处理方法去除有机质对沉积物吸附有机农药和非离子表面活性剂的影响

四种不同的方法去除沉积物有机质,采用振荡平衡法研究了有机农药、非离子表面活性剂在沉积物上的吸附行为及非离子表面活性剂对有机农药吸附的影响.结果表明,经HCl处理后,沉积物有机碳含量增加,而经Na4 P2O7,NaOH和H2O2处理后沉积物有机碳含量均降低;甲基对硫磷、西维因的吸附取决于沉积物有机碳的分配作用,与矿物质无关;沉积物矿物组分的表面作用和微孔性作用使得高极性有机农药克百威在低有机碳含量沉积物七的吸附量增加;Tween-80使甲基对硫磷在未处理和HCl处理的沉积物上的吸附量减少,在NaOH处理和H2O2处理的沉积物上的吸附量增加.     

苏州河沉积物中重金属的污染特征及其评价

本研究通过对苏州河上海段13个采样断面的沉积物中重金属含量进行测定,揭示苏州河底泥重金属污染的空间分布特征,并运用生态危害指数等对底泥重金属含量进行了评价.     

鱼塘沉积物氯酚污染及其生态风险评价

采用固相微萃取(SPME)与气相色谱-质谱联用,分析了3种养殖模式鱼塘沉积物中氯酚类(CPs)化合物的污染特征.结果表明,一般四大家鱼养殖模式(A)沉积物中总CPs质量分数(干质量)为9.91 ng·g-1,猪.鱼综合养殖模式(B)与鸭-鱼综合养殖模式(C)沉积物总CPs质量分数分别为7.79 ng·g-1和4.84 ng·g-1.总CPs及15种CPs化合物在A、B模式和鸭-鱼综合养殖模式(C)沉积物中的分布特征相似,质量分数由高到低的顺序为A模式,B模式,C模式.沉积物中质量分数比较高的一氯酚、二氯酚、三氯酚和四氯酚分别是4-CP、2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和2,3,4,6-TeCP.五氯酚(PCP)质量分数与4-CP、2,5+2,6+3,5-DCP、3,4-DCP、2,4,5-TCP、2,3,6-TCP、2,3,4-TCP、2,3,5,6-TeCP、2,3,4,6-TeCP、2,3,4,5-TeCP等氯酚化合物质量分数显著正相关,显示PCP与它们之间存在降解物与产物的关系.参照美国EPA相关标准,上述鱼塘沉积物中的PCP和Ky氯酚(2,3,4,6-TeCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP)导致生态风险的可能性较低.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.