人工河岸湿地对面源污染的处理效果研究

针对城市河道污染治理存在的主要问题,并考虑到华南地区河流水量、水质、水温季节性变化大的特点,构筑了人工河岸湿地试验系统,对该系统约13个月连续性运行进行了观测和研究。结果表明,平均水力负荷为15cm/d工况下,试验系统对高锰酸盐指数、SS、NH3-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为50%、60%、50%、35%和45%;系统对高锰酸盐指数、NH3-N和TN的去除效果随季节变化明显,夏季处理效果好于冬季;SS处理效果受季节影响不明显;TP初期处理效果好于末期。该人工河岸湿地既能较好地改善水质,又能改善生态环境、美化城市景观,是一项适合城市河道污染治理的技术。     

Establishment of a constructed wetland in extreme dryland

Background, aim, and scope

The project was set to construct an extensive wetland in the southernmost region of Israel at Kibbutz Neot Smadar (30°02′45″ N and 35°01′19″ E). The results of the first period of monitoring, summary, and perspectives are presented. The constructed wetland (CW) was built and the subsequent monitoring performed in the framework of the Southern Arava Sustainable Waste Management Plan, funded by the EU LIFE Fund. The specific aims were: (1) To end current sewage disposal and pollution of the ground, the aquifer, and the dry river bed (wadi) paths by biologically treating the sewage as part of the creation of a sustainable wetland ecosystem. (2) Serve as an example of CW in the Negev highlands and the Arava Valley climates for neighboring communities and as a test ground for plants and building methods appropriate to hyper arid climate. (3) Serve as an educational resource and tourist attraction for groups to learn about water reuse, recycling, local wildlife and migrating birds, including serving the heart of a planned Ecological–Educational Bird Park. This report is intended to allow others who are planning similar systems in hyper arid climates to learn from our experience.

Materials and methods

The project is located in an extreme arid desert with less than 40 mm of rain annually and temperature ranges of ?5°C to +42°C. The site receives 165–185 m³ of municipal and agricultural wastes daily, including cowshed and goat wastes and winery outflow.

Results

The CW establishment at Neot Smadar was completed in October 2006. For 8 months, clean water flowed through the system while the plants were taking root. In June 2007, the wetland was connected to the oxidation pond and full operation began. Because of seepage and evaporation, during the first several months, the water level was not high enough to allow free flow from one bed to the next. To bed A, the water was pumped periodically from the oxidation pond (Fig. 1) and from there flowed by gravitation through the rest of the system. The initial results of the monitoring are promising. In nearly all measurements, the system succeeded as expected to reduce levels of contaminants at least to the level acceptable for irrigating fruit trees and often to the level of unlimited irrigation. The introduction of the plants in the system and their physiological performance were evaluated and were found to correlate well to the quality of water in the various beds.

Discussion

It should be said at the outset that evaluation of the performance of a CW system is a long-term process. Thus, the main aim of this report is to present the problems, difficulties, preliminary results, and concepts concerned with the first stage of establishment of CW in an extremely dry region.

Conclusions

The CW system was designed to dispose of municipal and agricultural wastes in a way that not merely reduces pollution, but adds to environmental quality by creating accessible parkland for local residents and tourists. Several factors affected the performance of the system at the initial stages of operation: ecological balance between microbes and plants, big seasonal variations, seepage and evaporation reduced the flow in the initial operation of the system. Despite the initial difficulties, the quality of water coming out the system is acceptable for irrigation.

Recommendations and perspectives

The CW can function well under extreme dryland conditions. The oxidation pond was the major source of evaporation and bad odors. Therefore, alternatives to the oxidation pond are needed. Cost effectiveness of the system still has to be evaluated systematically.     

人工湿地数学模型模拟与应用

人工湿地生态系统具有投资低、出水水质好、抗冲击力强、增加绿地面积和操作简单等优点,在国外得到了较好应用.综述了人工湿地净化技术及湿地模型的研究进展,重点介绍了国外已经成功验证与应用的3种人工湿地模型的开发情况.同时应用某人工湿地的实测数据,通过对模型的验证和率定,表明模型在评估湿地功能和优化设计上的实用性.最后,对人工湿地模拟模型的应用前景及存在问题进行了评述.     

Transport of coliphage PRD1 in a surface flow constructed wetland.

A tracer study was conducted in a 3-ha surface flow constructed wetland to analyze transport performance of PRD1, an enteric virus model. The convection-dispersion equation (CDE), including a first-order reaction model, adequately simulated transport performance of PRD1 in the wetland under an average hydraulic loading rate of 82 mm/d. Convective velocity (v) and longitudinal dispersion coefficient (D) were estimated by modeling a conservative tracer (bromide) pulse through the wetland. Both PRD1 and bromide were simultaneously added to the entering secondary treated wastewater effluent. The mass of bromide and PRD1 recovered was 76 and 16%, respectively. The PRD1 decay rate was calculated to be 0.3/day. The findings of this study suggest that the CDE model and analytical moment equations represent a suitable option to characterize virus transport performance in surface flow constructed wetlands.     

Microbial abundance and community in subsurface flow constructed wetland microcosms: role of plant presence

In this research, the role of plants in improving microorganism growth conditions in subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW) microcosms was determined. In particular, microbial abundance and community were investigated during summer and winter in Phragmites australis-planted CW microcosms (PA) and unplanted CW microcosms (control, CT). Results revealed that the removal efficiencies of pollutants and microbial community structure varied in winter with variable microbial abundance. During summer, PA comprised more dominant phyla (e.g., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes), whereas CT contained more Cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacteria. During winter, the abundance of Proteobacteria was >40 % in PA but dramatically decreased in CT. Moreover, Cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacterial dominance in CT decreased. In both seasons, bacteria were more abundant in root surfaces than in sand. Plant presence positively affected microbial abundance and community. The potential removal ability of CT, in which Cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacteria were abundant during summer, was more significantly affected by temperature reduction than that of PA with plant presence.     

污水碳源对复合垂直流-水平流人工湿地脱氮效果的影响

碳源是人工湿地反硝化作用重要的限制因子,提供足够的碳源能够有效地提高湿地系统的反硝化作用,从而提高人工湿地的脱氮效果。考察了以污水碳源作为复合垂直流-水平流人工湿地水平流进水碳源,对系统去氮能力的影响。实验结果显示,添加碳源能使复合人工湿地对TN和氨氮的去除率分别由23.19%、39.57%提高到34.17%和50.4%。当碳源污水（化粪池污水）/硝化处理水（垂直流出水）体积比为1：4（C/N=1.22：1）时,系统对氨氮和总氮具有最好的去除效果,且在不同季节具有较强的脱氮稳定性。不同季节加碳源复合系统对氨氮和总氮去除效果差异显著,在夏季去除效果最高可到达66.79%和60.95%。在加污水碳源条件下,增加停留时间对TN去除效果无明显影响,但可以显著提高氨氮去除率;有植物系统比无植物系统去除NH4+-N和TN的效果要好,且夏季提升效果最明显。由此可见,以污水碳源作为复合垂直流-水平流人工湿地系统中水平流部分的碳源,是强化人工湿地脱氮效果的有效手段,但是添加碳源比例、保温措施及植物种植是人工湿地重要的设计参数。     

人工湿地植物研究进展

人工湿地具有去除污染效果好、运行费用低和易维护等特点,已被广泛用于污水处理中.湿地植物在其中起着重要作用,主要包括直接吸收氮、磷等污染物,通过根系输氧促进根区的氧化还原反应与好氧微生物活动及增强和维持介质的水力传输等.综述了人工湿地植物的去污机理,阐述了湿地植物对生物可降解的有机物、营养性污染物和有毒有害物质净化的研究成果与应用,并展望今后进一步研究的重点.     

自由表面流人工湿地微生物气溶胶研究

微生物气溶胶的种类、浓度和粒径分布与人类健康关系密切。采用MD8空气浮游菌采样仪和FA-1型6级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器,对人工湿地细菌和真菌气溶胶的数量和粒径分布进行研究。结果表明,人工湿地进水前,细菌和真菌气溶胶平均值较低,分别为64.0、126.0CFU/m3;进水后,细菌气溶胶平均值在6月26日达到最高,为2292.5CFU/m3,真菌气溶胶平均值在8月27日达到最高,为6200.0CFU/m3;易进入肺部的细菌和真菌(粒径为0.65～4.70μm)粒子数分别占粒子总数的22.2%～62.3%、54.2%～87.6%;空气细菌中值直径为1.88～4.13μm,空气真菌中值直径在3.00μm左右波动。空气细菌中革兰氏阳性菌明显多于革兰氏阴性菌,空气真菌主要为酵母菌、镰刀菌属、枝孢属、毛霉属、交链孢属、肉座菌属、枝霉属、青霉属和曲霉属。     

Mitigation of two pyrethroid insecticides in a Mississippi Delta constructed wetland

Constructed wetlands are a suggested best management practice to help mitigate agricultural runoff before entering receiving aquatic ecosystems. A constructed wetland system (180 m × 30 m), comprising a sediment retention basin and two treatment cells, was used to determine the fate and transport of simulated runoff containing the pyrethroid insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, as well as suspended sediment. Wetland water, sediment, and plant samples were collected spatially and temporally over 55 d. Results showed 49 and 76% of the study's measured lambda-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin masses were associated with vegetation, respectively. Based on conservative effects concentrations for invertebrates and regression analyses of maximum observed wetland aqueous concentrations, a wetland length of 215 m × 30 m width would be required to adequately mitigate 1% pesticide runoff from a 14 ha contributing area. Results of this experiment can be used to model future design specifications for constructed wetland mitigation of pyrethroid insecticides.     

人工湿地处理系统中多环芳烃的行为

采用Oasis HLB柱固相萃取的前处理技术,以气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC/MS)的分析方法,对我国北方永定河上游黑土洼人工湿地中多环芳烃污染的特征以及分布规律进行了研究.结果表明,该湿地系统以低环数多环芳烃污染为主,其中浓度最高的是菲和蒽,未检出高环数(5环、6环)多环芳烃.通过比较进水和出水的浓度,湿地系统总体上不能有效去除进水中的多环芳烃.但是比较不同工艺单元进出水浓度,复氧、植物根系及微生物等均影响到多环芳烃的去除效果,去除率在28%～65%之间.     

人工湿地处理系统中多环芳烃的行为

采用Oasis HLB柱固相萃取的前处理技术,以气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC/MS）的分析方法,对我国北方永定河上游黑土洼人工湿地中多环芳烃污染的特征以及分布规律进行了研究.结果表明,该湿地系统以低环数多环芳烃污染为主,其中浓度最高的是菲和蒽,未检出高环数（5环、6环）多环芳烃.通过比较进水和出水的浓度,湿地系统总体上不能有效去除进水中的多环芳烃.但是比较不同工艺单元进出水浓度,复氧、植物根系及微生物等均影响到多环芳烃的去除效果,去除率在28%～65%之间.     

Macrophyte growth in a pilot-scale constructed wetland for industrial wastewater treatment

A pilot-scale wetland was constructed to assess the feasibility of treating the wastewater from a tool industry in Santo Tomé, Santa Fe, Argentina. The wastewater had high conductivity and pH, and contained Cr, Ni and Zn. This paper describes the growth of vegetation in the experimental wetland and the nutrient and metal removal. The wetland was 6 x 3 x 0.4 m. Water discharge was 1000 l d(-1) and residence time was 7d. After the wetland was rendered impermeable, macrophytes from Middle Paraná River floodplain were transplanted. Influent and effluent quality was analyzed every 15 d. TP, Cr, Ni and Zn concentrations in leaves, roots and sediment (inlet and outlet) were measured monthly. Cover and biomass of predominant species were estimated. Also, greenhouse experiments were carried out to measure the effects of conductivity and pH on floating species. The variables measured in the influent were significantly higher than those in the effluent, except for HCO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+). TP and metal concentrations in sediment at the inlet were significantly higher than those at the outlet. Conductivity and pH of the incoming wastewater were toxic for the floating species. Typha domingensis displaced the other species and reached positive relative cover rate and biomass greater than those at the undisturbed natural environment. T. domingensis proved to be highly efficient for the treatment of wastewater. For that reason, it is the advisable species for the treatment of wastewater of high conductivity and pH enriched with metals, characteristic of many industrial processes.     

潜流、垂直流人工湿地污染物净化效果及耐污染负荷冲击能力研究

依托建立在新沂河河漫滩上的人工湿地中试工程进行现场试验,研究分析潜流和垂直流2种人工湿地对污染河水的净化效果及其耐污染负荷冲击能力。结果表明:在相同的进水高锰酸盐指数浓度条件下,垂直流对高锰酸盐指数的净化效果明显优于潜流;2种人工湿地对NH4+-N的去除率均比较高(平均去除率均高于80%),且没有明显差异;2种人工湿地构造不同引起的水流运行方式及截留、过滤作用的差异对高锰酸盐指数的去除影响较大,而对NH4+-N去除的影响较小;进水污染负荷变化对人工湿地污染物去除的影响显著,垂直流耐高锰酸盐指数污染负荷冲击能力明显强于潜流,而对NH4+-N污染负荷变化,两者都表现出了较强的耐受能力,差异不明显。     

模拟人工湿地中基质酶对PhACs的动态响应

基质酶是催化土壤生物化学反应的重要催化剂,其对有机污染物具有高度敏感性。实验测定了5座人工湿地(CWs)反应器中过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脲酶活性的动态变化及其与进水医药活性物质(PhACs)浓度、湿地植物的关系。结果显示:种植植物反应器3种基质酶的活性均高于未种植植物的反应器;随培养时间增长过氧化氢酶的活性逐渐提高,在培养150 d后达到最高;脱氢酶和脲酶的活性随培养时间增长先升高后降低,分别于120 d和90 d时达到最高;不同基质酶对不同PhACs浓度响应不同,脲酶活性均表现为被抑制,而脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性在低PhACs浓度时被激活,在高PhACs浓度时被抑制。为CWs应用于去除水环境中存在的PhACs类污染物提供参考。     

Xenobiotics removal from polluted water by a multifunctional constructed wetland

Removal efficiencies on xenobiotics from polluted water in a twin-shaped constructed wetland consisting of a vertical flow chamber with the crop plant Colocasia esculenta L. Schott and a reverse vertical flow one with Ischaemum aristatum var. glaucum Honda, were assessed by chemical analysis and bioassays. After a four-month period of application, removal efficiencies of the applied pesticides parathion and omethoate were 100% with no detectable parathion and omethoate in the effluent. For the applied herbicides, the decontamination was less efficient with removal efficiencies of 36% and 0% for 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid and dicamba, respectively. As shown by toxicity assay with duckweed Lemna minor L., growth retardation may occur if the water treated for herbicide removal is used in irrigation of sensitive cultivars in agriculture or horticulture. In contrast to I. aristatum var. glaucum Honda, the crop C. esculenta L. Schott has a high yield in biomass production as a valuable source of renewable energy.     

Application of plant carbon source for denitrification by constructed wetland and bioreactor: review of recent development

Water quality standard for nitrate becomes more and more strict, and the plant carbon source is widely used for denitrification by constructed wetland (CW) and bioreactor. However, the nitrate removal efficiency by different types of plant carbon source are not evaluated comprehensively. Denitrification performance of different plant carbon sources, and the influence of dosing method and pretreatment are thoroughly reviewed in this paper, which aims to investigate the accurate utilization of plant carbon source for nitrogen (as nitrate) removal. It is concluded that plant carbon source addition for all types of CWs and bioreactors can improve the nitrate removal efficiency to some extent, and the dosing method of plant carbon source for denitrification should be further studied and optimized in the future. The popular carbon sources for CW and bioreactor denitrification enhancement are woodchip, chopped macrophytes, crop plants, macrophytes litters, etc. The recommended optimum C:N ratios for CW and bioreactor are 4.0:5.0 and 1.8:3.0, respectively. The physical and biological pretreatments are selected to supply organic carbon for long-term denitrification.     

人工湿地新型内电解基质的研究

对内电解技术在人工湿地中的应用进行了初步研究,通过静态实验对铁屑/炉渣、铁屑/粉煤灰、铁屑/活性炭组成的内电解基质进行了比选,确定铁屑/炉渣为最佳组合,其对COD、NH3-N、TP去除率高,对出水的pH值影响较小.通过单因素实验确定其最佳反应条件,即铁/炉渣投加比为1∶1,每100 mL废水投加量为20 g,反应时间6...     

人工湿地系统在我国污水处理中的应用

介绍了人工湿地系统在我国污水处理中的应用现状 ,认为设计方案、基质、水生植物的选用以及微生物降解等方面 ,是决定人工湿地系统净化效果的主要因素 ,最后指出了目前该法在全国各地推广的难度、存在的问题及解决这些问题的途径。     

Treatment of tannery wastewater in a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland system in Bangladesh

This paper reports the pollutant removal performances of a hybrid wetland system in Bangladesh for the treatment of a tannery wastewater. The system consisted of three treatment stages: a subsurface vertical flow (VF) wetland, followed by a horizontal flow (HF) and a VF wetland. The wetlands were planted with common reed (Phragmites australis), but employed different media, including organic coco-peat, cupola slag and pea gravel. In the first stage, experimental results demonstrated significant removal of ammonia (52%), nitrate (54%), BOD (78%), and COD (56%) under high organics loading rate (690 g COD m⁻² d⁻¹); simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and organics degradation were attributed to the unique characteristics of the coco-peat media, which allowed greater atmospheric oxygen transfer for nitrification and organic degradation, and supply of organic carbon for denitrification. The second stage HF wetland produced an average PO₄ removal of 61%, primarily due to adsorption by the iron-rich cupola slag media. In the third treatment stage, which was filled with gravel media, further BOD removal (78%) from the tannery wastewater depleted organic carbon, causing the accumulation of NO₃ in the wastewater. Overall, the average percentage removals of NH₃-N, NO₃-N, BOD, COD, and PO₄ were 86%, 50%, 98%, 98% and 87%, respectively, across the whole hybrid system. The results provided a strong evidence to support widespread research and application of the constructed wetland as a low-cost, energy-efficient, wastewater treatment technology in Bangladesh.     

芦苇人工湿地在环境保护中的应用

叙述了芦苇人工湿地污水处理技术的分类、特点及其在国内外的研究与应用进展。介绍了复合式芦苇湿地、新型芦苇床填料等相关的新技术,指出系统的堵塞和芦苇的衰退等问题是进一步发展芦苇湿地亟待解决的问题。