埋地原油管道油品泄漏扩散三维数值模拟

为了评估埋地原油管道泄漏的危害范围,以原油管道泄漏事故为研究对象,采用计算流体力学等理论知识,建立了埋地输油管道三维泄漏扩散过程的物理模型和数学模型,确定了泄漏前稳态的初始条件和泄漏后非稳态的边界条件;利用FLUENT软件进行了数值模拟,计算出了不同时刻油品在土壤中的扩散范围。计算结果表明,管道泄漏后原油扩散范围与泄漏时间保持一定变化规律,在无法检测扩散深度的情况下可根据扩散宽度进行粗略估算,大体确定事故泄漏扩散范围,可以为事故处置提供参考,提高事故的应急控制能力。     

平板模型对液化石油气连续泄漏扩散模拟分析与探讨

对目前主要的气体泄漏扩散模拟计算模型进行比较分析,选择平板模型用于液化石油气连续泄漏扩散模拟计算,运用假设中型和大型泄漏的计算实例结果,通过与挪威船级社(DNV)开发的SAFETI风险评价软件的计算结果进行对比分析,可以得出:在静风条件下,平板模型对液化石油气连续泄漏扩散模拟的准确性高。随着云团扩散密度降低,平板模型计算偏差逐步加大,且计算偏差随风速的增大而变大,因而利用平板模型进行模拟计算的结果应予修正。     

环氧乙烷储罐泄漏扩散中毒模拟研究

为研究环氧乙烷在不同因素影响下扩散规律及其毒性影响范围,以某厂环氧乙烷储罐泄漏事故为背景,对环氧乙烷泄漏扩散规律进行模拟分析。运用FLUENT软件,模拟环氧乙烷随泄漏速率、自然风速和地面粗糙度变化时的动态扩散变化规律。模拟结果表明:1)泄漏速率越快,毒害范围越大,并且在一定条件下,泄漏速率每增加2.5 kg/s,特别严重毒害范围(灰区)最远距离会在下风向增加60~80 m,比较严重毒害范围(黑区)最远距离会在下风向增加20~40 m;2)自然风速越快,灰区范围会变得越来越小,但黑区的毒害范围会扩散得更大,当风速为8 m/s时达到最大值,风速超过8 m/s时,风速的增加反而会使黑区范围变小;3)地面粗糙度越大,对环氧乙烷扩散的阻碍作用越大,黑区范围变小,但地面粗糙度大于4 m后,其对扩散作用的影响与4 m时近乎一致。研究结果对环氧乙烷储罐泄漏事故的预防,应急疏散和救援具有重要的指导意义。     

埋地管道泄漏天然气在分层填筑土壤扩散数值模拟研究

城市埋地天然气管道发生泄漏不易被发现,并易产生爆炸、火灾、中毒等次生事故,针对低压埋地天然气管道施工分层填筑与不分层填筑的两种情况建立模型,依据多孔介质模型修正后的基本控制方程,采用FLUENT组分运输模型、RNG k-ε湍流模型,对管道沟渠分层填筑与不分层填筑气体泄漏扩散情况进行数值模拟。根据仿真土壤含气摩尔量划分三个浓度区域进行分析,分层填筑土壤分界处砂土含气量达到低浓度的时间较快约为60 s,12 min可以达到高浓度区域。两种材质交界面处,高浓度气体扩散存在延迟,中浓度和低浓度气体扩散在交界面处扩散曲线有明显拐点,进入到上层土壤材料后扩散速率加快,不分层填筑模型扩散速率没有明显改变。     

埋地弯管不同位置泄漏的三维数值模拟

采用有限容积法,建立了埋地管道周围土壤多孔介质三维流固耦合数学模型。借助CFD软件,分别模拟了埋地弯管不同位置泄漏前后大地温度场的变化情况及泄漏油品在土壤中的运移分布规律。模拟计算结果得出:泄漏前,各种情况下大地的温度场基本相同;泄漏后,大地温度场变化明显不同,油品在土壤中的扩散分布迥异。建议采用分布式光纤温度传感技术对管道泄漏进行检测。     

液化危险品储罐泄漏——扩散监测及仿真预警系统

根据国家八五科技攻关专题“易燃易爆重大危险源监控及预警技术研究”技术总结报告提供的素材，通过对危险品储罐的安全状态实时监测、建立泄漏扩散预测模型及其计算机仿真装置，构成监控危险源的预警系统，为预防重大事故、保障安全生产提供技术支撑     

泄漏孔形状对液化石油气泄漏扩散的影响

基于液化石油气的特点,建立了有限空间内部发生泄漏扩散的物理模型,模拟了液化石油气泄漏扩散的过程,通过模拟结果分析其扩散规律,并对比当泄漏孔形状分别为正方形、圆形、三角形时液化石油气扩散过程的变化以及对所形成的的爆炸危险区域的影响。监测点1（0.8,0.3,0）,点2（2.4,0.3,2.5）,点3（0,0.3,1.5）,点4（2,0.3,3）的浓度变化,找出报警器的最佳安放位置。结果表明:泄漏时间相同,丙烷的扩散范围从大到小依次为三角形孔口、圆形孔口、正方形孔口,爆炸危险区域也与泄漏孔形状有关,三角形孔口的危险区域范围最广,其次是圆形泄漏孔,正方形泄漏孔的范围最小,点1处的丙烷浓度增长幅度较大,浓度较高,可以更早达到报警浓度。     

液氨储罐事故性泄漏扩散过程模拟分析

液氨是化工企业常用的原料，而每年因为液氨储罐的泄漏造成的事故也十分频繁，液氨属于高度危险性物质，一旦泄漏极可能造成灾难性后果。本文探讨了描述液氨储罐事故性泄漏及扩散过程的数学模型，并用所建模型针对某市化学园区某化工公司液氨储罐工程建设项目进行模拟分析。从模拟结果来看，采用数学模型的方法对事故后果进行预测和分析具有一定程度的可靠性，对于救灾、重大危险源编制应急事故预案以及对新建项目进行危险性预评价都具有一定程度的指导意义。     

液化石油气储罐泄漏事故处置对策

液化石油气属易燃易爆物质,在生产、运输、使用、储存过程中,在一定条件下易引起燃烧、爆炸,导致人身伤亡和财产损失等重大事故。处置液化石油气泄漏及火灾事故是安全监管部门经常遇到的情况,因此,认真研究和正确掌握液化石油气泄漏事故处置及火灾扑救及战术措施,是安全监管各级部门面临的重要课题。     

大型罐区油气扩散规律的CFD数值模拟研究

本文详细介绍了利用ANSYS公司CFX5．7软件模拟罐区油气扩散过程及其浓度分布规律,发现了罐壁、防火堤对油气浓度分布和流动的影响特征,认为使用CFD方法能够数值模拟重气扩散过程中的传热、传质、湍流等复杂物理现象,并且能够考虑复杂地形、建构筑物对流动规律的影响,具有很好的应用前景。     

Impact of leakage location and downwind storage tank on the gas dispersion in a typical chemical tank storage area

Toxic gas leakage in a tank area can have catastrophic consequences. Storage tank leakage location (particularly for high leakage) and downwind storage tanks potentially influence gas diffusion in tank areas. In this study, we developed a numerical and experimental method to investigate the impact of a high leakage location and downwind storage tank on gas diffusion based on three (1.05H, 0.90H, and 0.77H, H was the tank height, 22m) leakage field experiments on the leeward side of storage tank, which have been not conducted before. The experiments revealed an unexpected phenomenon: the maximum ground concentration first decreased and then increased with increasing leakage height. The simulations illustrated that the differences in micrometeorological conditions caused the maximum ground concentration of gas emitted from the roof to be higher than that emitted from the tank wall near the storage tank height. The downwind storage tank 1) had little influence on the entire diffusion direction but altered the local diffusion pattern; 2) reduced the maximum ground concentration (∼18.7%) and the distance from the emission source (approximately a storage tank diameter); and 3) had strong influences on the concentration, velocity, turbulence, and pressure on the leeward side. The concentration negatively correlated with the velocity, pressure, and turbulence in the middle of the two storage tanks on wind centerline. Our results can improve understanding of gas dispersion in tank areas and provide references for mitigating loss and protecting lives during emergency response processes.     

城市地区毒气扩散事故数值模拟

在城市人口密集区域，一旦发生重大危险气体泄露事故，周围居民将处境危险。由于城市特殊的街道街谷影响，用普通的方法难以精确计算出场的时空分布，大涡模拟（Large Eddy Simulation）虽然较为精确，但对计算机计算能力要求较高。针对于此，可以通过一些方法，例如贴体网格分析、卫星遥感技术，局部网格加密技术，改进大涡模型的计算条件，考虑泄漏事故一旦发生时，道路、房屋、气候对于气体扩散的影响，对事故的致灾机理从动力学的角度进行研究。在箅例中，通过分析城市地区庙会时的一起事故．模拟气体扩散浓度的时空分布，得出城市地区各个地区的不同受灾程度。通过算例我们看到，数值模拟能够为进一步安全规划、灾害预防、应急反应提供决策支持．     

振动环境下液化气罐内饱和液体状态变化规律研究

液化气在储运过程中存在安全隐患,为分析在运输途中的液化气罐内部压力变化情况,建立液化气罐在受迫振动下的一维数学模型,分析运动过程中饱和液体和气罐的相对运动以及对罐内压力的影响.根据经验公式计算过热液中气泡的生长和消失,并用商业CFD软件CFX模拟在振动过程中罐内介质的状态变化过程,计算由于气泡的生长和消失导致的压力波动.根据这些数据进一步分析罐的振动频率和液体的填充量对汽化速率和压力波动的影响,并得出变化规律.     

地下交通枢纽站火灾烟气控制数值模拟研究

地下交通枢纽站火灾时烟气控制策略是人员疏散安全的重要因素。地下交通枢纽站科学合理设置机械排烟和送风,在火灾发生时,可以有效降低毒气造成的人体伤害,控制伤亡损失。选取广州珠江新城地下交通枢纽站作为分析案例,分析如何合理布置机械排烟口以及机械送风补风口,利用CFD技术分析地下交通枢纽站的排烟补风策略,比较三种烟控模式,探讨利于人员安全疏散的最佳烟气控制策略。     

水幕稀释罐区LNG泄漏扩散试验与模拟研究

为缓解液化天然气(LNG)泄漏事故后果,利用有色发烟剂模拟LNG泄漏扩散行为,研究水幕的关键参数,包括安装位置、安装高度等对罐区LNG泄漏云团稀释效果的影响,并采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLUENT验证试验结果。模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,表明有色发烟剂试验能够定性模拟罐区LNG泄漏扩散及水幕稀释云团效果。水幕安装在储罐与泄漏源中间,并且安装高度高于云团2倍以上,能够有效稀释LNG云团,保护储罐安全。水幕稀释云团的主要物理机制是液滴与空气间动量交换抬升云团高度,形成的旋涡卷吸空气进入云团内部,加速云团稀释。     

Effect of separation distance on gas dispersion and vapor cloud explosion in a storage tank farm determined using computational fluid dynamics

Storage tank separation distance, which considerably affects forestalling and mitigating accident consequences, is principally determined by thermal radiation modeling and meeting industry safety requirements. However, little is known about the influence of separation distance on gas dispersion or gas explosion, which are the most destructive types of accidents in industrial settings. This study evaluated the effect of separation distance on gas dispersion and vapor cloud explosion in a storage tank farm. Experiments were conducted using Flame Acceleration Simulator, an advanced computational fluid dynamics software program. Codes governing the design of separation distances in China and the United States were compared. A series of geometrical models of storage tanks with various separation distances were established. Overall, increasing separation distance led to a substantial reduction in vapor cloud volume and size in most cases. Notably, a 1.0 storage diameter separation distance appeared to be optimal. In terms of vapor cloud explosion, a greater separation distance had a marked effect on mitigating overpressure in gas explosions. Therefore, separation distance merited consideration in the design of storage tanks to prevent gas dispersion and explosion.     

加气站压缩机间气体爆炸数值模拟研究

加气站压缩机间安全设计时,需要评估内部气体爆炸危害,确定爆炸能量和影响因素。采用CFD技术,建立加气站压缩机间三维模型,模拟不同点火源位置、泄压板不同泄压压力和重量下,压缩机间气体爆炸时的爆炸压力及火焰传播行为。结果表明点火源位置以及泄压参数是影响加气站压缩机间气体爆炸的重要因素;点火源位置距离压缩机间放空位置越近,爆炸压力越小;对于泄压参数,爆炸压力与泄压板开启压力和重量之间均为正比关系。为减缓压缩机间内的气体爆炸危害,需要合理布置点火源位置,选择容重轻、泄压压力小的泄压材料,并同时需要考虑爆炸导致的物体破碎危害以及火焰次生灾害。     

Study of the situation deduction of a domino accident caused by overpressure in LPG storage tank area

The production and storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is gradually becoming larger and more intensive, which greatly increases the risk of the domino effect of an explosion accident in a storage tank area while improving production and management efficiency. This paper describes the construction of the domino effect scene of an explosion accident in an LPG storage tank area, the analysis of the characteristics of the LPG tank explosion shock wave and the target storage tank failure, and the creation of an ANSYS numerical model to derive the development trend and expansion law of the domino accident in the LPG storage tank area. The research showed that: 400 m³ tank T1 explosion shock waves spread to T2, T4, T5, T3, and T6, and the tank overpressures of 303 kPa, 303 kPa, 172 kPa, 81 kPa, and 61 kPa respectively. The critical values of the target storage tank failure overpressure-range threshold were 70 kPa and 60 m. After the explosion of the initial unit T1 tank, at 38 ms, the T2 and T4 storage tanks failed and exploded; at 56 ms, the T5 storage tank exploded for the third time; at 82 ms, the T3 storage tank exploded for the fourth time; and at 102 ms, the T6 storage tank exploded for the fifth time. With the increase of explosion sources, the failure overpressure of the target storage tank increased, and the interval between explosions continuously shortened, which reflected the expansion effect of the domino accident. The domino accident situation deduction in the LPG storage tank area provided a scientific basis for the safety layout, accident prevention and control, emergency rescue, and management of a chemical industry park.     

CFD-based simulation of dense gas dispersion in presence of obstacles

Quantification of spatial and temporal concentration profiles of vapor clouds resulting from accidental loss of containment of toxic and/or flammable substances is of great importance as correct prediction of spatial and temporal profiles can not only help in designing mitigation/prevention equipment such as gas detection alarms and shutdown procedures but also help decide on modifications that may help prevent any escalation of the event.The most commonly used models - SLAB (Ermak, 1990), HEGADAS (Colenbrander, 1980), DEGADIS (Spicer & Havens, 1989), HGSYSTEM (Witlox & McFarlane, 1994), PHAST (DNV, 2007), ALOHA (EPA & NOAA, 2007), SCIPUFF (Sykes, Parker, Henn, & Chowdhury, 2007), TRACE (SAFER Systems, 2009), etc. - for simulation of dense gas dispersion consider the dispersion over a flat featureless plain and are unable to consider the effect of presence of obstacles in the path of dispersing medium. In this context, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been recognized as a potent tool for realistic estimation of consequence of accidental loss of containment because of its ability to take into account the effect of complex terrain and obstacles present in the path of dispersing fluid.The key to a successful application of CFD in dispersion simulation lies in the accuracy with which the effect of turbulence generated due to the presence of obstacles is assessed. Hence a correct choice of the most appropriate turbulence model is crucial to a successful implementation of CFD in the modeling and simulation of dispersion of toxic and/or flammable substances.In this paper an attempt has been made to employ CFD in the assessment of heavy gas dispersion in presence of obstacles. For this purpose several turbulence models were studied for simulating the experiments conducted earlier by Health and Safety Executive, (HSE) U.K. at Thorney Island, USA (Lees, 2005). From the various experiments done at that time, the findings of Trial 26 have been used by us to see which turbulence model enables the best fit of the CFD simulation with the actual findings. It is found that the realizable k-? model was the most apt and enabled the closest prediction of the actual findings in terms of spatial and temporal concentration profiles. It was also able to capture the phenomenon of gravity slumping associated with dense gas dispersion.