湿地植物芦苇和香蒲根际微生物特性研究

在人工湿地系统中 ,微生物是系统中有机污染物和氮分解去除的主要执行者 ,植物根系及其分泌物使人工湿地系统中的微生物数量显著增加。本文研究了湿地植物芦苇和香蒲根际微生物的数量、活性等特性 ,结果表明芦苇和香蒲具有明显的根际效应 ,根际微生物活性高于非根际的微生物活性 ,芦苇根际比香蒲更适合亚硝酸细菌的生长     

人工湿地不同区域基质磷含量的差异分析

基质吸附是人工湿地磷去除的主要途径,吸附能力易受环境条件的影响,为了探讨人工湿地运行时内部多样化理化环境对基质磷吸附的影响,以相同基质的无植物和有植物水平潜流人工湿地实验系统为对象,在对人工配制有机污水进行5个月处理后,分析了2个系统不同区域基质中总磷及各主要无机态磷的含量.结果表明,植物系统各部分基质中总磷含量呈现较大的差异,总磷最高的进水区根际基质达0.75 g·kg-1,其次是进水区抖落和出水区根际基质,最低的出水区非根际基质只有0.21 g·kg-1,无植物系统各部分基质总磷含量比较接近,在0.21～0.27 g·kg-1之间,总体来看,植物系统基质总磷含量高于无植物系统;与实验前相比,两系统各部分基质中铁磷、铝磷和钙磷含量都升高,是基质吸附无机磷的主要赋存形式,铁磷和铝磷在两系统不同区域基质中变化特点相似,植物系统进水区根际、抖落基质铁磷、铝磷含量大幅增加,而出水区和无植物系统各部分增加量相对较少;两系统各部分基质钙磷含量升高相对较均衡,但植物系统进水区和出水区根际基质含量也略高于其他部分;两系统各部分基质松散结合态磷和闭蓄态磷含量都比较低;植物根系对基质磷含量具有明显影响,总磷、铁磷、铝磷、钙磷和松散结合态磷含量呈现距离植物根系越近含量越高的特点.     

2种湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜的形成及其对磷素吸收的影响

在田间条件下,运用土壤溶液原位抽提和毛细管电泳分析等技术,比较了芦竹(Arundo donaxLinn)和香蒲(Typhalatifolia)根表铁氧化物胶膜数量、土壤根际溶液磷质量浓度、根际土和根际溶液pH及根膜比等的差异,阐明了湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜对磷素从非根际土壤-根际土壤-根际溶液-根表铁氧化物胶膜-根系的迁移过程的影响以及在磷素净化中的根际调控机制.结果表明,芦竹和香蒲根表铁氧化物胶膜数量(以根系鲜重计)分别为20 170.8和7 640.3 mg/kg.有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的芦竹、香蒲的根际土有效磷含量分别是28.85、34.99 mg/kg;各比其无铁氧化物胶膜增加了46.2%、21.9%.有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的芦竹、香蒲的根际溶液磷质量浓度为0.65、0.56 mg/kg,分别比其无铁氧化物胶膜沉积高9.2%、33.9%.芦竹根表铁氧化物胶膜吸附的磷占根系吸附吸收磷的81.7%,香蒲是85.7%.根表有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的芦竹磷素利用有效性比无铁氧化物胶膜的植株高16.5%,香蒲高31.4%.有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的芦竹和香蒲植株体内磷含量均比无铁氧化物胶膜高.同时,铁氧化物胶膜对磷酸盐的吸附提高了磷酸盐从非根际向根际、固相(根际土壤)向液相(根际土壤溶液)的迁移速率.有铁氧化物胶膜沉积的湿地植物根际土有效磷含量累积,无铁氧化物胶膜沉积的湿地植物根际土有效磷含量耗竭.     

唐山市南湖湿地水体富营养化治理研究

以芦苇作为人工湿地植物,土壤为基质建立人工湿地,采用人工湿地控制试验的方法深入研究了芦苇和湿地基质对唐山人工湿地南湖污水中氮磷的净化能力以及氮、磷在芦苇根、茎、叶的时空分布和动态变化,实验结果表明：芦苇湿地对污水中的氮、磷的净化效果十分明显,在一个月内对污水中TN的平均去除率可达到61.99%,TP平均的去除率可达51.97%,其中基质吸附和植物吸收作用是湿地脱氮除磷的重要形式。     

低温季节水平潜流和垂直潜流人工湿地尾水深度处理中试

人工湿地工作效率和作用机制在低温环境下与在适温条件下存在较大差别,为探究水平潜流人工湿地与垂直潜流人工湿地在低温季节进行污水深度处理的效用与机制差异,构建了两组潜流人工湿地,分析其在不同碳氮比（C/N）条件下对有机物、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的净化效果,考察了湿地基质表面、植物根际微生物分布差异.结果表明,当进水COD浓度在37.50~80.00 mg·L^-1之间,总氮和总磷浓度在《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准内,以2 m³·d^-1流量连续运行工况下：①水平潜流和垂直潜流人工湿地均表现出稳定的有机物降解能力,且对有机负荷有较强的抗冲击能力;②补充碳源可显著提升潜流人工湿地的去氮效率,添加碳源后,水平潜流人工湿地TN平均去除率高达76.01%,垂直潜流人工湿地TN平均去除率达到71.69%,但碳源的添加对磷的去除无明显影响,并且对水平潜流人工湿地污染物净化效果提升更显著;③分析两种类型湿地基质和植物根际的微生物群落结构发现,变形菌门、厚壁菌门和疣微菌门在两类湿地样品中均表现为优势菌门,两种湿地基质表面样品微生物群落结构组成差异大于植物根际样品,嗜氢菌属（Hydrogenophaga）、丹毒丝菌属（Erysipelothrix）和戴沃斯菌属（Devosia）对微生物群落差异贡献度最高;整体而言,垂直潜流人工湿地基质和植物根际微生物群落的物种多样性及丰富度高于水平潜流人工湿地.     

不同植物与水力负荷对人工湿地脱氮除磷的影响

通过6种湿地植物的表流 (SF) 和潜流(SSF)人工湿地对比实验,分析了不同植物的SF和SSF人工湿地去除率随水力负荷(HL)变化的规律,得到了6种不同植物的SF和SSF人工湿地的最优HL、最优去除率.实验结果表明:6种植物的SF和SSF人工湿地对TP、TN去除率随HL的增加而降低,且植物不同,去除率降低趋势不同,且SSF人工湿地去除率降低值比SF小.SF人工湿地TP、TN去除率比SSF低,且TP去除率比TN大.SF人工湿地中水葱对TP、TN去除率降低最大,水芹菜对TP去除率降低最小,美人蕉对TN去除率降低最小;SSF人工湿地中美人蕉对TP去除率降低最大,水芹菜最小对TP去除率降低最小.芦苇对TN 去除率降低最大,水葫芦对TN去除率降低最小.6种植物SF人工湿地去除TP和TN的平均最优HL分别为0.53,0.47t/(m2×d);SSF人工湿地去除TP、TN平均最优HL分别为0.68,0.44t/(m2×d).     

人工湿地中磷的行为及其去除方法研究

人工湿地中磷是通过基质、微生物和植物的共同作用去除的,其中基质对磷的吸附和沉淀是人工湿地除磷的主要方面.构筑两个以碎石和细砂为填料的人工湿地模拟单元,一个种上芦苇,另一个不种任何植物,研究湿地对磷的处理效果.前期试验表明,种芦苇的湿地总磷去除率可以达到92%,其中,总磷的67.35%在湿地上部就得以去除,有相当一部分磷是由湿地中植物、微生物和基质的协同作用加速去除的.最后对人工湿地除磷存在的主要问题及对策进行了探讨.     

水淬渣人工湿地强化除磷作用研究

研究了水淬渣的磷吸附-解吸效果,构建了以水淬渣为主要基质的模拟垂直流人工湿地系统,分析了水力停留时间(HRT)和污染负荷变化对污水中磷去除的影响,探讨了湿地上行、下行流单元各层基质的除磷贡献.结果表明,水淬渣基质的磷饱和吸附量为3 333 mg.kg-1,其水溶性钙含量为0.084%,pH值为7.54,适合作为湿地除磷基质.HRT与磷除去率呈正相关,当HRT从1 d缩短为0.5 d时,TP去除率降低5.9%~4.7%,当HRT从2 d缩短为1 d时,TP去除率降低2.4%~4.7%,HRT为1 d条件下,水淬渣湿地的磷去除率>85%,说明无限延长HRT无益于强化除磷,适宜的HRT为1 d.在进水浓度稳定的条件下,进水污染负荷与磷去除率呈负相关,当污染负荷范围在12.2~36.8 g.(m2.d)-1时,水淬渣湿地的磷除去率可维持在85%,当污染负荷达到48.9 g.(m2.d)-1后,水淬渣湿地的磷除去率下降至65%,当污染负荷<36.8 g.(m2.d)-1时,水淬渣湿地的磷去除率>82%,说明高污染负荷可抑制基质表面及孔隙中Ca、Al等吸附磷的活跃位点,适宜的进水污染负荷为24.5~36.8g.(m2.d...     

芦苇根际微环境对潜流人工湿地氮与COD去除性能的影响

构建了3个小型潜流人工湿地,一个不种植物作为对照;另2个栽种芦苇,其中一个湿地在芦苇根部埋设300目尼纶网制成的根袋,以区分根际与非根际环境.采用人工配水,研究了稳定运行期的人工湿地对COD、N的去除性能.结果表明,3个湿地对COD、N的去除场所主要位于湿地前端,且COD与N的去除具有沿程同步性.在进水C/N=5时,对照湿地、芦苇湿地和根袋湿地对NH⁺₄-N和TN的去除效率分别为66.2%、94.2%、82.2%和67.2%、90.7%、76.1%,具有同步硝化反硝化现象;对COD的去除效率分别为56.2%、80.9%、72.7%.试验中,3个湿地沿程水样的C/N值均大于5,表明碳源供应较充足.通过在湿地中预埋铂电极和土壤溶液采样器的方法,测定了根际土壤与非根际土体土壤ORP以及土壤溶液中的有机物含量（以TOC表征）.结果表明,湿地前端根际土壤ORP明显高于空白湿地和湿地土体土壤,差值分别为11～311 mV、62～261 mV.根系分泌物显著增加了植物湿地中有机碳的供应,根际土壤与非根际土体土壤中TOC含量分别为21.3～54.6 mg·L^-1和6.65～12.0 mg·L^-1.正是湿地植物根际环境中较高的氧化还原电位以及充足的碳源供应,使得植物湿地的脱氮效果好于对照湿地.     

人工湿地处理低水平放射性废水的技术可行性

针对低水平放射性废水的特点,结合人工湿地的去除机理,对湿地植物、基质和微生物在放射性废水处理中的原理和作用进行了分析,分析认为湿地植物通过植物提取、根际过滤和植物固定对低放重金属进行去除,基质的吸附和微生物的吸收、吸附及转化作用也是低放重金属去除的重要途径。并且阐述了当前的技术难点和未来的研究方向,指出在植物培育与选择、微生物的筛选及驯化、基质的选择和湿地系统的安全措施等方面还存在很多的难点。分析表明,应用人工湿地处理低水平放射性废水在技术上是可行的。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.