活性污泥性质对短期膜污染影响的解析研究

采用统计分析方法研究了16种不同性质活性污泥混合液对膜生物反应器膜污染的影响机理.结果表明,胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)、溶解性有机物(soluble microbial products,SMP)、上清液胶体颗粒(suspended solids insupernatant,SS_s)、污泥混合液粘度(μ)、相对疏水性(relative hydrophobicity,RH)、Zeta电位(Zeta potential)均对膜生物反应器膜渗透性能有显著的影响作用,其与膜污染阻力的皮尔逊相关系数r_p分别为:0.898、0.712、0.810、0.691、0.837、-0.881;同时发现,胞外聚合物是影响活性污泥中溶解性有机物含量(r_p=0.682)、污泥粘度大小(r_p=0.633)、上清液胶体颗粒含量(r_p=0.783)、Zeta电位(r_p=-0.953)及相对疏水性大小(r_p=0.877)的主要因素;在活性污泥性质中胞外聚合物是影响膜污染的根本原因,是膜生物反应器膜污染的重要影响因素.     

生物铁膜生物反应器（SMBR）处理生活污水的试验研究

试验研究了在SMBR中投加不同量氢氧化铁对出水水质以及膜污染的影响。结果表明,生物铁SMBR中随氢氧化铁投加量的增加,CODrr,NH3-N去除率略有提高;当氢氧化铁投加量为混合液中污泥浓度的0～5％时,TP去除率逐渐提高,在7％时急剧下降。试验条件下氢氧化铁最佳投加量为混合液污泥浓度的5％．此时半透膜压增长最慢,膜污染程度最轻。在3％～5％的投加量下生物铁具有良好的絮状结构,有效地降低了膜表面滤饼层阻力,并且缓解了膜孔堵塞的影响,然而当投加量增大到7％时,生物铁结构变得密实,削弱了生物铁对溶解性有机物和磷的吸附,加剧了膜污染．     

温度对分置式厌氧膜生物反应器处理效果及膜污染的影响

研究了温度对分置式厌氧膜生物反应器(An MBR)废水处理系统处理效果及膜污染的影响。结果表明:与35℃相比,25℃时污泥混合液和滤饼层的EPS都有所积累,且污泥颗粒较小,滤饼层污泥不易被水力冲刷剪切力剥离,膜污染速率较快,不利于对膜污染的控制;滤饼层EPS成分分析表明,蛋白质类是造成膜污染的主要物质,高激发波长类色氨酸是影响膜污染速率的重要因素;在HRT为32 h,温度为35℃时系统COD去除率较高,膜污染速率较低,膜运行周期较长,是较合适的运行温度。     

膜生物反应器中生物铁对活性污泥性能的影响

污泥性能是决定污水处理效果的关键因素. 通过向膜生物反应器中添加生物铁来强化污水处理效果,研究膜生物反应器中生物铁对活性污泥性能的影响,比较普通膜生物反应器(普通MBR)和生物铁膜生物反应器(生物铁MBR)中的污泥指数(SVI)、污泥质量浓度〔ρ(MLSS)和ρ(MLVSS)〕、污泥的脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性. 结果表明,生物铁膜生物反应器中的污泥结构紧密,生物相丰富,污泥质量浓度比较稳定;生物铁MBR的SVI受进水负荷影响较小,能够克服污泥膨胀的影响;生物铁MBR污泥的脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性与普通膜生物反应器相似,随水力停留时间(HRT)的缩短或泥龄(SRT)的延长脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性呈下降趋势.      

SMBR工艺处理废水时操作方式的研究

膜生物反应器(MBR)在废水处理中必须能保证长期稳定运行,而操作方式与MBR运行性能密切相关。通过对小试规模的浸没式MBR(SMBR)恒流和恒压两种操作方式的短期以及长期实际运行研究,发现次临界区恒流操作和经济操作压力TMP以下的恒压操作有利于MBR的长期稳定运行;并从理论上分析了对应于不同的操作区域的膜污染机理。     

膜生物反应器中膜过滤特征及膜污染机理的研究

以膜生物反应器处理市政污水,通过对活性污泥进行终端过滤来反映膜污染机理,实验表明,最初很短时间内膜污染受膜孔堵塞模型控制,之后受沉积层阻力模型控制,后一阶段是膜污染的主要控制阶段;膜的相对通量随过滤时间呈指数衰减趋势,压力越大,通量衰减越快;污泥沉积层存在压密过程,这一过程中的污泥比阻随压力增大而增大,并得到处理市政污水的污泥压密指数为0.807 8;阻力分布实验表明沉积层阻力占总阻力的90%以上,是膜过滤污染阻力的主要组成部分;活性污泥各组分对膜污染均有贡献,其中悬浮固体、胶体颗粒和溶质产生的阻力分别占87.98%、6.20%和5.82%;根据实验和计算结果,探讨了MBR处理市政污水过程中可能的膜污染机理.     

投加氢氧化铁对SMBR中活性污泥性能的影响

试验研究了在SMBR中投加不同量氢氧化铁对出水水质以及膜污染的影响。结果表明,生物铁-SMBR中随氢氧化铁投加量的增加,COD出水及去除率略有提高;氢氧化铁投加量为5%时,对活性污泥的活性促进作用最强;活性污泥SVI的降低主要是氢氧化铁絮体本身的化学絮凝作用所致;试验条件下氢氧化铁最佳投加量为混合液污泥浓度的5%时,半透膜压增长最慢,膜污染程度最轻。     

膜生物反应器与传统活性污泥反应器内生物群落特征

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)和传统活性污泥法(CAS)2种反应器处理相同的生活污水,考察了MBR和CAS的运行和生物群落结构及其动态变化.结果表明,MBR对COD和氨氮的去除效率均比CAS高, MBR和CAS出水COD的平均值分别为39.6 mg/L和62.9 mg/L,出水氨氮的平均值分别为6.8 mg/L和14.5 mg/L,可以看出无论是对于有机物还是NH⁺₄-N,MBR的去除效果都比CAS要好.由于MBR的污泥处于大的曝气剪切力、过低的污泥负荷、以及长SRT导致的各种惰性物质积累等环境中,使MBR中污泥的群落及其变化与CAS相比有明显的不同.随着反应器运行时间的增加,DGGE的结果表明MBR的种群数量始终高于CAS, MBR群落相似性系数的变化也比CAS要大很多,在第15、 124、 186和230　d时,MBR的条带数分别是22、 25、 24和20条,而CAS在相应的运行时间时条带数分别为19、 14、 17和20条.MBR污泥与种泥的相似性系数分别是54.1%、 63.7%、 63.9%和66.8%,而CAS污泥与种泥的相似性系数分别是71.8%、 61.4%、 9.1%和65.9%.说明CAS的排泥导致非选择性的微生物流失,同时,也说明MBR的群落具有更好的适应环境因素变化的能力,这是MBR抗冲击负荷能力较强的原因之一.从戴丝系数来看,尽管群落相似性越来越高,但群落始终处于变化状态,说明环境的微小变化（进水水质、环境温度等）都会引起生物群落的变化.     

SMBR法处理印染废水的膜污染减缓方法研究

针对SMBR法处理印染废水膜污染进行研究,从减缓膜污染的角度出发,通过实验得到了针对实验系统的膜污染的几个影响因素,确定了系统的临界压力和临界通量,并证明在临界压力和通量下膜污染明显减缓;膜组件倾斜于30°放置,压力增长缓慢;系统在临界压力0.015 MPa左右进行空曝气时,膜通量恢复了43%。     

溶解性微生物产物对浸没式膜生物反应器运行的影响

对溶解性微生物产物(SMP)的累积行为及其对浸没式膜生物反应器(SMBR)操作运行的影响进行了研究.在90 d的实验过程中,对总有机碳(TOC)、相对分子质量分布(MWDs)、比耗氧速率(SOUR)进行定期监测,采用死端过滤实验来检测SMP对膜污染的影响.结果表明,在SMBR上清液中SMP出现明显累积;随着实验运行,SMP中相对分子质量大于10000的浓度增加显著;与相对分子质量小于1 000的SMP相比,此部分SMP对污泥活性和膜污染影响较大,对SMBR的出水水质影响较小.     

污泥龄对膜生物反应器污泥特性及膜污染的影响

研究了污泥龄对胞外聚合物(EPS)总量、紧密粘附胞外聚合物(TB)和松散附着胞外聚合物(LB)含量及其中蛋白质与多糖比例的影响.结果表明,随污泥龄的延长,混合液EPS总量增加,TB和LB中蛋白质与多糖比例发生变化.这种变化改变了细菌表面电荷分布,增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌的存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变,降低了混合液Zeta电位,SVI值增大.采用SPSS软件对膜污染的主要因子进行了相关性分析,Zeta电位、上清液悬浮固体浓度、相对疏水性的相关系数分别为-0.818、0.853、0.832.综合考虑膜污染阻力和污泥特性,膜生物反应器的污泥龄应控制在优势菌最小世代时间的120倍以下.     

胞外聚合物对浸没式膜-生物反应器膜过滤性能的影响

通过浸没式膜-生物反应器（SMBR）处理上海市城市内河水的试验,研究了反应器混合液中和2种疏水性不同的膜上污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的量、组成、污泥特性及对膜过滤性能的影响.结果表明,混合液污泥中的溶解性EPS和固着性EPS比膜上污泥多,不同污泥的固着性EPS组分中蛋白质（EPSP）/多糖（EPSC）的大小顺序依次为混合液污泥〈亲水膜污泥〈疏水膜污泥.疏水膜污泥中溶解性EPS比亲水膜多,溶解性EPS和固着性EPS量及组分均有很大差异.混合液污泥的EPS流动性大,疏水性膜上污泥EPS的流动性较大.溶解性EPS对污泥特性及膜过滤性能影响较大.SMBR中亲、疏水性膜片上黏附的污泥的相对疏水性分别为53%、59%.比较2种膜片通量的变化发现,疏水性膜污染严重.     

Comparison of membrane fouling during short-term filtration of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated adopting internal-circulate sequencing batch airlift reactor.The contradistinctive experiment about short-term membrane fouling between aerobic granular sludge system and activated sludge system were investigated.The membrane foulants was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy technique.The results showed that the aerobic granular sludge had excellent denitrification ability;the removal efficiency of TN could reach 90%.The aerobic granular sludge could alleviate membrane fouling effectively.The steady membrane flux of aerobic granular sludge was twice as much as that of activated sludge system.In addition,it was found that the aerobic granular sludge could result in severe membrane pore-blocking, however,the activated sludge could cause severe cake fouling.The major components of the foulants were identified as comprising of proteins and polysaccharide materials.     

Effect of sludge retention time on sludge characteristics and membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor

Three identical membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated over 2 years at different sludge retention time (SRT) of 10 d, 40 d and no sludge withdrawal (NS), to elucidate and quantify the effect of SRT on the sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The hydraulic retention times of these MBRs were controlled at 12 h. With increasing SRT, the sludge concentrations in the MBRs increased, whereas the ratio of volatile suspended solid to the total solid decreased, and the size of sludge granule diminished in the meantime. A higher sludge concentration at long SRT could maintain a better organic removal efficiency, and a longer SRT was propitious to the growth of nitrifiers. The performance of these MBRs for the removal of COD and NH₄⁺-N did not change much with different SRTs. However, the bioactivity decreased as SRT increase. The measurement of specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes testified that SOUR and the proportion of the bacteria-specific probe EUB338 in all DAPI-stainable bacteria decreased with increasing SRT. The concentrations of total organic carbon, protein, polysaccharides and soluble extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the mixed liquor supernatant also decreased with increasing SRT. The membrane fouling rate was higher at shorter SRT, and the highest fouling rate appeared at a SRT of 10 d. Both the sludge cake layer and gel layer had contribution to the fouling resistance, but the relative contribution of the gel layer decreased as SRT increase.     

Effect of components in activated sludge liquor on membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor

Introduction The membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have shown many advantages over conventional activated sludge processes, which apply membrane modules instead of the secondary settle tank to make a better separation of the solids and liquid and have been grea…     

厌氧膜生物反应器污泥组分对膜污染的影响

对一体式厌氧膜生物反应器污泥进行离心分离,考察污泥各组分和膜污染的特性之间的关系.通过对已有理论模型进行变形,推导出阻力的数学模型方程式,并分析了膜通量、膜阻力的变化.同时对混合液悬浮固体进行了颗粒粒径分析,并与好氧膜生物反应器的污泥颗粒进行了对比分析.结果表明,污泥混合液悬浮固体形成阻力占膜总阻力的70%,胶体物质形成阻力占22%,溶解性物质形成阻力占8%.     

膜-生物反应器中活性污泥沉降性能与膜污染相关性研究

结合连续流小试，对膜．生物反应器运行过程中，活性污泥沉降性能的变化及其对膜污染的影响进行了研究．结果表明，随着运行时间的增长，该系统内丝状菌大量繁殖，活性污泥沉降性能变差，SVI值升高．随之，膜过滤压差(过滤阻力)平均上升速率有所增加，膜过滤周期缩短．膜过滤压差的“两阶段性(平缓上升期和加速上升期)”变化规律趋于明显，平缓上升期和加速上升期的膜过滤压差上升速率随污泥SVI值的升高分别呈现下降和上升的趋势．污泥沉降性能的变化对膜污染过程产生明显影响．电镜观察表明，污泥沉降性能对膜过滤压差的影响与膜面污染层的结构和厚度有关．     

蠕虫在膜生物反应器和活性污泥法中的污泥减量研究

通过长达345d的中试规模试验,研究比较了蠕虫在膜生物反应器(MBR)和活性污泥法(CAS)的生长状况及其导致的污泥减量效果.CAS中的蠕虫生长状况明显优于MBR的蠕虫生长状况.MBR曝气池中平均蠕虫密度(10条·mg-1)远低于CAS曝气池中平均蠕虫密度(71条·mg-1),并且CAS中蠕虫连续保持高密度(>30条·mg-1)生长达172d.CAS中红斑瓢体虫和仙女虫交替成为优势蠕虫.蠕虫生长对MBR的污泥产率(0 40kg·kg-1)和污泥沉降性能(污泥沉降指数133mL·g-1)影响很小,但却能显著减少CAS的污泥产率(0 17kg·kg-1)和改善污泥沉降性能(污泥沉降指数为60mL·g-1).仙女虫比红斑瓢体虫能更大地减少污泥产量和更好地改善污泥沉降性能.蠕虫生长不影响MBR的COD去除率和出水水质,但却显著影响CAS的COD去除率和出水水质.     

Bacterial diversity in activated sludge from a consecutively aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater

The bacterial diversity of activated sludge from submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) was investigated. A 16S rDNA clone library was generated, and 150 clones were screened using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the screened clones, almost full-length 16S rDNA sequences of 64 clones were sequenced. Phylogenetic tree was constructed with a database containing clone sequences from this study and bacterial rDNA sequences from NCBI for identification purposes. The 90.6% of the clones were a?l...     

Relationship between sludge settleability and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor

The evolution of activated sludge settleability and its relationship to membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor were studied at a lab-scale equipment fed with synthetic wastewater. It was found that sludge volume index (SVI) gradually increased and the sludge settleability was reduced, which was caused by the propagation of filamentous bacteria. With increasing SVI, the average increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure increased, the stable filtration period was shortened, and the two stages (smooth stage and accelerating stage) of the trans-membrane pressure were more obvious. At the same time, the increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure at the smooth stage decreased and the rate at the accelerating stage increased with SVI, respectively. The observation by using scanning electronic microscopes showed the cake layer with loose structure and large thickness formed on the membrane surface due to the appearance of filamentous bacteria and high SVI in sludge. Influence of the sludge settleability on the trans-membrane pressure was related to the structure and thickness of the cake layer on the membrane. Translated from ACTA Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 396–400 [译自: 环境科学学报]