基于太阳光度计的天津城区气溶胶光学特性

利用2013~2014年天津大气边界层观测站的CE318太阳光度计观测资料,分析天津气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和波长指数(α)的分布特征.结果表明,天津地区AOD_(440nm)和AOD_(500nm)均值分别为0.99±0.34和0.87±0.30,波长500nm下AOD月均最高值为1.41±0.79,出现在2013年6月,最低值为0.49±0.92,出现在2013年11月.AOD的季节变化特征为春季受沙尘天气影响,α最低(0.85±0.32),夏季受高温天气条件影响,新生小粒子占比较多,α最高(1.16±0.29),根据α分布特点,影响天津地区的主要气溶胶类型为城市—工业气溶胶.造成春季AOD高值(AOD≥2)情况出现是受粗、细模态气溶胶粒子共同影响,夏季AOD高值出现主要是受细模态粒子影响,同时细粒子吸湿增长特性对AOD增长有较大影响.冬季AOD高值出现同样主要受细模态气溶胶粒子影响,其气溶胶粒子粒径高于夏季.对比沙尘、霾及非污染天气条件下AOD和α的差别,发现霾天气下AOD和α最高,分别为1.41±0.68和1.17±0.29,沙尘天气下AOD为0.99±0.62,α最低,为0.55±0.22.非污染天气下AOD最低,为0.53±0.46.不同天气条件下,随AOD增长α均有先升高后降低的特征.     

艾比湖地区气溶胶光学特性分析

精河县气溶胶光学特性的定量评估是理解艾比湖盐尘传输过程的关键.本文利用2019年精河县CE-318太阳光度计站点观测资料,分析了气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和Angstr?m波长指数(α)的变化特征.结果表明AOD日变化呈单峰曲线,与α呈反向变化特征;气溶胶粒子浓度和主控模态具有明显的季节性差异,与夏、秋季相比,春季AOD较高且变化幅度剧烈,粗粒子气溶胶占主控地位,粒子粒径和变化幅度较大; AOD和α呈负相关关系,从春季到秋季,气溶胶逐渐从粗模态向细模态过渡;与夏季相比,春季局地气溶胶对风速、风向和相对湿度的变化较为敏感;温度不是导致局地气溶胶变化的内在因素,但与气溶胶粒子扩散能力成正比;非采暖期,精河县AOD高值主要受粗粒子为主的沙尘气溶胶的影响,小颗粒的气溶胶的增加以及气溶胶吸湿增长都不是造成该地区AOD增加的主要原因.     

杭州市大气气溶胶光学厚度研究

利用2011~2012年杭州国家基准气候站内太阳光度计(CE-318)观测资料,分析杭州市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和Angstrom波长指数(α)的变化特征.结果表明,2011~2012年杭州市AOD500nm年平均值为0.86?0.47,α440~870nm年平均值为1.25?0.23.AOD季节变化特征不明显,主要与该地区天气形势以及内外源影响密切相关.α季节变化差异也不大,受北方带来的沙尘气溶胶影响,春季α略偏低.AOD呈现单峰型日变化特征,峰值出现在15:00,谷值出现在06:00,午后AOD明显升高主要与强烈的太阳辐射引起光化学反应产生的二次气溶胶以及近地层气溶胶在湍流输送作用下向城市上空扩散有关.从频率分布来看,AOD和α频率分布均呈现明显的单峰特征,并且较好的符合对数正态分布.α在高值区间1.1~1.7出现频率为77.8%,表明杭州市以平均半径较小的气溶胶粒子为主,属于城市-工业型气溶胶类型.杭州市AOD的高值(1.0)主要表现为粗模态气溶胶以及细模态气溶胶的吸湿增长.     

杭州市大气气溶胶光学厚度研究

利用2011~2012年杭州国家基准气候站内太阳光度计(CE-318)观测资料,分析杭州市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和Angstrom波长指数(α)的变化特征.结果表明,2011~2012年杭州市AOD500nm年平均值为0.86±0.47,α440~870nm年平均值为1.25±0.23.AOD季节变化特征不明显,主要与该地区天气形势以及内外源影响密切相关.α季节变化差异也不大,受北方带来的沙尘气溶胶影响,春季α略偏低.AOD呈现单峰型日变化特征,峰值出现在15:00,谷值出现在06:00,午后AOD明显升高主要与强烈的太阳辐射引起光化学反应产生的二次气溶胶以及近地层气溶胶在湍流输送作用下向城市上空扩散有关.从频率分布来看,AOD和α频率分布均呈现明显的单峰特征,并且较好的符合对数正态分布.α在高值区间1.1~1.7出现频率为77.8%,表明杭州市以平均半径较小的气溶胶粒子为主,属于城市-工业型气溶胶类型.杭州市AOD的高值(>1.0)主要表现为粗模态气溶胶以及细模态气溶胶的吸湿增长.     

中国3个AERONET站点气溶胶微物理特性分析及比较

选取中国地区区域代表性较强且观测时间序列较长的3个AERONET站点(SACOL、香河和太湖),分析了其气溶胶微物理参数特征. 香河和太湖多年平均气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)分别为0.67±0.66和0.72±0.44,是SACOL AOD平均值(0.38±0.27)的近2倍,且AOD变化范围较大. SACOL春冬季AOD较大,夏秋季AOD较小;而香河和太湖夏春季较大,秋冬季较小.结合尺度分布、体积浓度等参数特征说明沙尘是SACOL春季最主要的气溶胶类型,香河春季受沙尘的影响也较严重,而太湖受沙尘影响的频率较香河要小的多;香河和太湖AOD最大值出现月份与细模态粒子体积浓度最大值出现月份一致,是由于细模态粒子的消光效率是粗模态粒子的3~4倍.细模态体积比(Vf/Vt)的年变化趋势与?ngstr?m波长指数(?)的年变化趋势相似,Vf/Vt和?均可以用来分析粒子尺度大小的年变化特征.但?1.7时,Vf/Vt大于0.6,以细模态粒子为主;而0.75相似文献   

艾比湖流域春季大气气溶胶光学性质

利用MicrotopsⅡ太阳光度计观测数据,得到艾比湖流域春季气溶胶光学厚度(AOD550)、Angstrom波长指数(α).结果显示,艾比湖流域春季AOD主要集中在0.1~0.4之间;受盐尘迁移过程中粉尘扩散、沉降等影响,精河地区和乌苏地区气溶胶光学性质存在一定差异.精河、乌苏两地AOD平均值分别为0.290和0.242,变异系数分别62.966%和47.444%,α平均值分别为0.609和0.894,变异系数为33.368%和56.946%,精河地区大气气溶胶主控粒子粒径相对较大,而乌苏地区气溶胶粒子的粒径变化幅度相对较大;AOD和α的关系复杂,当地主导风向是沙尘气溶胶的主要来源,温度变化并不是导致艾比湖流域AOD变化的内在原因;α0.5时,乌苏地区AOD随RH的增大而减小,精河地区受盐尘中可溶性离子的影响,表现出一定的吸湿性,α1.0时,细粒子吸湿增长造成AOD随RH的增大而增大,当0.5α1.0,气溶胶表现出一定的吸湿性,但当50%RH时,可能存在降雨对气溶胶大颗粒的冲刷从而导致AOD的降低;精河地区AOD高值的主要原因是大粒子的增加,小粒子气溶胶引起高污染现象的可能较小;乌苏地区气溶胶组成成分复杂,AOD高值受细模态粒子和粗模态粒子共同影响.     

北京秋季大气气溶胶光学厚度与Angstr?m指数观测研究

利用2010年10~11月CE318太阳光度计观测资料,得出了北京市秋季气溶胶光学厚度(AODλ=500nm),Angstr?m波长指数(α)和浑浊度(β).结果显示,气溶胶AOD,Angstr?m指数,浑浊度平均值分别为0.5(±0.69)、0.95(±0.33)、0.24(±0.31),变异系数分别为139%、35%和132%.非污染天,AOD变化较小,峰值出现在15:00,但大气中细粒子组分相对较高;污染天,AOD波动很大,没有明显的日变化,颗粒物以细粒子为主.非污染天,当α1.0,两者呈现正相关;污染天,两者无明显关系,但当AOD>1.0,α随AOD的增大而变小.当Vmax4m/s,AOD和α均出现小值,α与AOD呈负相关.风向也是影响α和AOD变化的重要因素,尤其ENE为主导风向时,α与AOD呈明显正相关.温度的变化并未对α和AOD的变化造成很大影响.局地扬尘或沙尘气溶胶呈非亲水性,但当α>0.5,AOD随相对湿度(RH)的增大有一定程度的增大.     

天山北坡城市群气溶胶光学特性时空分布特征

为探究天山北坡城市群大气气溶胶光学特性时空分布特征,本文利用卫星遥感MCD19-A2气溶胶产品分析了2000~2019年研究区气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）时空分布特征及变化趋势,针对AOD较为稳定的2016~2019年,利用多波段太阳光度计地基遥感技术,对AOD及Angström波长指数（α）等参数进行特征分析.结果表明：①空间上,研究区AOD空间分布与地形呈现较好的一致性,高值现象主要分布在低海拔地区;AOD空间分布表现出较强烈季节变化,春季（0.15±0.03） > 秋季（0.14±0.03） > 夏季（0.14±0.02）;②时间上,2000~2019年间研究区AOD年均值为0.12,年增幅1.03%,整体呈现增加趋势;AOD月均值的年际变化表现为双峰型,5月和11月为第一峰值和第二峰值,自然尘源粉尘的释放和传输以及人类社会燃煤供暖是造成AOD增加的主要原因;③受沙尘天气的影响,春季AOD的变化幅度较为剧烈,气溶胶主控粒子粒径及变化幅度均大于夏季;研究区AOD高值主要受粗模态粒子气溶胶的影响,细模态粒子吸湿增长会引起AOD的波动,但不易导致AOD高值.     

中国3个AERONET站点气溶胶大小的识别及特征分析

?ngstr?m波长指数a是判断气溶胶粒子大小的重要参数,但当气溶胶尺度分布不满足Junge分布时,仅用a不能很好的反映气溶胶粒子的尺度信息.利用Mie散射理论和AERONET站点实测资料分析说明在0.750.6;当a2>0.3时,多以粗粒子为主,Vfine/Vtotal<0.4.利用Gobbi气溶胶图解法分析显示SACOL站AOD的大值主要是由于沙尘气溶胶的影响造成的;香河站沙尘和细粒子气溶胶都会产生大值AOD,并且图解法可以很好的区分这两种情况;太湖站受沙尘的影响较小,大值AOD绝大多数是由于细粒子气溶胶造成的.     

太湖北岸气溶胶光学特性长期变化特征

利用太湖北岸地基太阳光度计(CE-318)2005年9月~2016年4月的观测数据,以及多年气象观测资料,对太湖北岸气溶胶年际尺度、季节尺度及逐月的光学特性、变化特征及影响因素进行了系统分析.揭示太湖北岸:1)AOD年均值呈逐渐降低趋势,但累年(2005~2016)均值高达0.776,2005~2012年累年均值为0.842,较全国同一时期AOD均值高63%;2)AOD四季变化分明,夏季(0.920)最高、冬季(0.689)最低、春季(0.788)与秋季(0.788)相近;3)气溶胶α指数逐年增大,年增幅约0.013,表明太湖地区大气污染物颗粒平均粒径逐年减小,非自然源比重持续增加;4)气溶胶α指数季均值为秋季冬季夏季春季,依次为1.320、1.232、1.164、1.098;5)体积谱四季均呈双峰结构,夏冬两季积聚模态粒子与粗模态粒子的体积浓度接近,春季以粗模态粒子为主,秋季以积聚模态粒子为主,6)气溶胶SSA季均值各年四季变化特征相似,累年总体季均值为秋季夏季春季冬季,依次为0.933、0.917、0.900、0.882,但年均值自2007年起呈逐年缓增趋势,年增幅约0.006,表明太湖地区气溶胶粒子的散射能力在逐年增大.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.