活性炭-超滤深度处理工艺对三氯乙醛生成潜能的影响及其对饮用水中有机物的去除

以我国南方某活性炭-超滤深度处理工艺水厂为研究对象,对工艺过程中三氯乙醛生成潜能(CHFP)及相关有机物指标进行为期1年每月1次的监测,以明晰活性炭-超滤深度处理工艺对CHFP及有机物的去除能力。结果表明:原水CHFP均呈现一定的季节性变化趋势,高温季节(5—9月)相对较高,范围为15.50～64.00 μg·L-1,活性炭-超滤深度处理工艺对CHFP 、TOC、CODMn和UV254去除率范围分别为37.42%～69.12%、25.25%～66.71%、27.33%～61.25%和21.80%～72.46%,平均去除率分别为54.51%、39.21%、45.04%和42.91%;混凝沉淀单元在CHFP和有机物指标去除中均起主要作用,炭滤单元对TOC有较好的去除作用,超滤单元对CHFP和CODMn有较好的去除作用。建议水厂设计与运行中将臭氧与活性炭滤池联合使用,以协同去除CHFP和有机物,进一步提高供水水质。     

利用强化混凝去除水源水中天然有机物的研究进展

总结了近年来利用强化混凝去除水源水中天然有机物的研究,重点讨论了其作用机理和主要影响因素.水源水中天然有机物的含量和成分会因水源地和时间的不同而存在差异,对水源水中天然有机物的了解是保证强化混凝效果的基本前提.不同混凝条件下,强化混凝的主导作用机理不同.铁盐混凝剂、较低pH值、较高混凝剂投量和阳离子有利于提高强化混凝的效果.     

天然有机物共存时生物活性炭对17β-雌二醇的去除

以17β-雌二醇（E2）为目标物,研究了在天然有机物共存的情况下,生物活性炭（BAC）小柱和粒状活性炭（GAC）小柱去除E2的效果。结果表明,BAC小柱和GAC小柱都可有效去除E2,运行600d后出水仍未检出E2。从纵向浓度分布来看,BAC小柱对E2的处理效果略好于GAC小柱。BAC小柱去除E2主要是通过活性炭吸附作用和生物降解作用。空床接触时间也会对E2的去除产生影响。在BAC小柱和GAC小柱中,NOM的去除率随时间延长而降低,E2的去除率始终保持在100％,由此可以推断E2和NOM在活性炭的不同位置进行吸附。     

预氯化输水对表面停留性有机物及混凝除藻的影响

针对预氯化这一常用的预氧化方法,考察了表面停留性有机物(S-AOM)在这一过程中对铜绿微囊藻起到的关键作用。同时,探讨了表面停留性有机物及藻的氧化应激对混凝除藻效果的影响。结果表明,预氯化过程可实现适度预氯化的最佳氯投加量,适度预氯化可以在实现脱附S-AOM的同时不损伤藻细胞,强化后续混凝除藻的效果。此外,经过适度预氯化后的藻细胞在远程输水过程中可能会发生程序性死亡,胞内有机物不断泄漏,这仍会对水厂混凝除藻效果产生不利影响。因此,预氧化后藻细胞发生程序性死亡是预氯化强化混凝工艺需要考虑的关键因素。     

应对南方某水厂土霉嗅味的活性炭技术

粉末活性炭（PAC）是应对季节性嗅味问题的主要处理技术,选择合适的活性炭、确定投加条件等因素对于水厂的高效运行等具有重要意义。针对南方某水厂存在的季节性嗅味问题,选择了国内9种常用PAC（包括3种煤质炭,3种木质炭,3种椰壳炭）,对其吸附能力及处理成本进行比较,同时对该水厂在用PAC的处理效果、原有预氧化工艺（预加次氯酸钠及高锰酸钾）的影响等条件进行评价。结果表明：9种PAC中碘值为1 030 mg·g-1的椰壳炭吸附能力最强,对150 ng·L-1的2-甲基异崁醇（2-MIB）吸附容量为6.2 ng·mg-1。水厂的预氧化工艺会显著降低PAC对2-MIB、土臭素（GSM）的吸附效果（分别降低29.5%、31.6%）。综合处理效果和经济成本后,碘值为800 mg·g-1的煤质炭对该水厂水源条件下的嗅味问题处理效果最优,在将2-MIB浓度由150 ng·L-1处理至嗅阈值以下时,水的活性炭处理成本为0.3 元·t-1。     

用于污水再生利用的生物活性炭床的有机物降解特性

以微生物增殖动力学的基本方程-莫诺方程为出发点,通过氮同位素分析比较了具有同源性微生物的生物陶粒滤床和生物活性炭床的有机物生物降解规律,建立了生物活性炭床的有机物生物降解动力学方程,提出在污水再生利用过程中生物活性炭床符合高基质有机物降解动力学模型,即有机物降解呈一级反应动力学方程。以此方程为基础,分析计算了生物活性炭床沿炭床深度的吸附性能,结果表明,在生物活性炭床中,随生物功能的减弱,生物活性炭床对有机物的吸附能力逐渐加强。     

Enhancement effect of water associated with natural organic matter (NOM) on organic compound-NOM interactions: a case study with carbamazepine

Natural organic matter (NOM) in soils and sediments is recognized to strongly affect environmental distributions of organic compounds. Water associated with NOM may have a significant impact on NOM-organic compound interactions. The objectives of this research were (1) to determine the effect of hydration of a model NOM sorbent on interactions with a probe organic compound, carbamazepine (CBZ), and (2) based on the comparison with the literature data, to evaluate the effect of organic compound structure on the cooperative participation of water molecules in organic sorbate-NOM interactions. CBZ is one of the most widely reported water pollutants from the pharmaceutical and personal care products family. Therefore, CBZ sorption on Pahokee peat was compared from water and from n-hexadecane, using solubility-normalized solute concentrations. CBZ-NOM interactions were enhanced by one to two orders of magnitudes when NOM became fully hydrated. This enhancement is associated with the distinct ability of CBZ to undergo strong, specific interactions with NOM which was revealed by comparing the transfer of CBZ and another model sorbate, phenanthrene, from solution in n-hexadecane to the hydrated NOM sorbent. The enhancing effect of NOM hydration on CBZ-NOM interactions was also observed when CBZ sorption was examined on partially hydrated NOM. In comparison with a smaller-size organic sorbate such as phenol, CBZ needs more NOM-associated water in order to demonstrate the strengthening of interactions with NOM. Therefore, for penetration of the larger sorbate molecules into the NOM interior, a greater number of water molecules are needed to compensate for the local NOM disintegration thus suggesting the greater extent of the cooperativity in an involvement of water molecules in the CBZ-NOM interactions.     

UV-H2O2 based AOP and its integration with biological activated carbon treatment for DBP reduction in drinking water

The presence of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in drinking water is of great concern due to their adverse effects on human health. Emerging regulation limiting the concentration of DBPs in drinking water has increased demands for technologies and processes which reduce the formation of DBPs in drinking water. In this study, UV-H₂O₂ based advance oxidation process (AOP) was used to treat raw surface water. Experiments were conducted using low pressure mercury vapor UV lamps in collimated beam and flow-through annular photoreactors. The effect of UV fluence (0–3500 mJ cm⁻²) and hydrogen peroxide concentration (0–23 mg l⁻¹) in reducing the concentration of THMs and HAAs was examined. The UV-H₂O₂ AOP was then coupled with a downstream biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment to assess the synergetic benefits of combining the two treatments. It was observed that UV-H₂O₂ AOP was only effective at reducing DBPs at UV fluences of more than 1000 mJ cm⁻²and initial H₂O₂ concentrations of about or greater than 23 mg l⁻¹. However, the combined AOP–BAC treatment showed significant reductions of 43%, 52%, and 59% relative to untreated raw water for DBPs, TOC, and UV₂₅₄, respectively.     

Relationships between organic matter, black carbon and persistent organic pollutants in European background soils: Implications for sources and environmental fate

Black carbon (BC) and total organic carbon (TOC) contents of UK and Norwegian background soils were determined and their relationships with persistent organic pollutants (HCB, PAHs, PCBs, co-planar PCBs, PBDEs and PCDD/Fs) investigated by correlation and regression analyses, to assess their roles in influencing compound partitioning/retention in soils. The 52 soils used were high in TOC (range 54-460 mg/g (mean 256)), while BC only constituted 0.24-1.8% (0.88%) of the TOC. TOC was strongly correlated (p < 0.001) with HCB, PCBs, co-PCBs and PBDEs, but less so with PCDD/Fs (p < 0.05) and PAHs. TOC explained variability in soil content, as follows: HCB, 80%; PCBs, 44%; co-PCBs, 40%; PBDEs, 27%. BC also gave statistically significant correlations with PBDEs (p < 0.001), co-PCBs (p < 0.01) and PCBs, HCB, PCDD/F (p < 0.05); TOC and BC were correlated with each other (p < 0.01). Inferences are made about possible combustion-derived sources, atmospheric transport and air-surface exchange processes for these compounds.     

Fe0还原、芬顿氧化及其耦合技术去除染料厂剩余污泥中的AOX

染料废水中含有大量难生物降解的卤代有机物合成中间体,合成卤代有机物在废水的生物处理过程中容易被吸附到剩余污泥中,如不能妥善处理会引起生态健康风险。研究了零价铁还原、芬顿氧化及其组合技术对染料企业剩余污泥中AOX（可吸附有机卤代物）的去除效果,优化了处理条件,解析了去除机理。结果表明,铁粉投加量为5 g·L-1,厌氧反应30 d时,零价铁还原对污泥中AOX降解率仅为24.7%;Fe2+投加量0.059 mol·L-1,H2O2投加量0.89 mol·L-1,芬顿氧化1.5 h时,污泥中AOX去除率提高至73.7%;投加2 g·L-1的铁粉,还原30 d后再进行芬顿反应,则污泥中AOX去除率可达到90.3%。GC-MS分析结果表明,污泥中的主要AOX物质为2,6-二氯-4-硝基苯胺,该物质经过零价铁还原与芬顿氧化组合工艺处理后,比直接芬顿氧化能得到更有效的去除。