Removal processes for arsenic in constructed wetlands

Arsenic pollution in aquatic environments is a worldwide concern due to its toxicity and chronic effects on human health. This concern has generated increasing interest in the use of different treatment technologies to remove arsenic from contaminated water. Constructed wetlands are a cost-effective natural system successfully used for removing various pollutants, and they have shown capability for removing arsenic. This paper reviews current understanding of the removal processes for arsenic, discusses implications for treatment wetlands, and identifies critical knowledge gaps and areas worthy of future research. The reactivity of arsenic means that different arsenic species may be found in wetlands, influenced by vegetation, supporting medium and microorganisms. Despite the fact that sorption, precipitation and coprecipitation are the principal processes responsible for the removal of arsenic, bacteria can mediate these processes and can play a significant role under favourable environmental conditions. The most important factors affecting the speciation of arsenic are pH, alkalinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, the presence of other chemical species - iron, sulphur, phosphate -, a source of carbon, and the wetland substrate. Studies of the microbial communities and the speciation of arsenic in the solid phase using advanced techniques could provide further insights on the removal of arsenic. Limited data and understanding of the interaction of the different processes involved in the removal of arsenic explain the rudimentary guidelines available for the design of wetlands systems.     

模拟降解去除人工湿地营养物

人工湿地能有效去除水中的营养物,作为净化水质的方法之一,正得到广泛的应用.同时,尝试建立数学模型模拟去污过程,预测处理效果,并为湿地的运行管理提供理论支持.综合比较了目前常用的4种模型:回归方程模型、一级动力学模型、Monod模型和生态动力学模型,从分析各模型的原理出发,提出了各类模型的优缺点及适用条件,对湿地模型的建立具有指导作用.     

Removal of trace elements in three horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands in the Czech Republic

Between March 2006 and June 2008 removal of 34 trace elements was measured on a monthly basis at three horizontal-flow constructed wetlands in the Czech Republic designed to treat municipal wastewater. In general, the results indicated a very wide range of removal efficiencies among studied elements. The highest degree of removal (average of 90%) was found for aluminum. High average removal was also recorded for zinc (78%). Elements removed in the range of 50-75% were uranium, antimony, copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, barium, iron and gallium. Removal of cadmium, tin, mercury, silver, selenium and nickel varied between 25 and 50%. Low retention (0-25%) was observed for vanadium, lithium, boron, cobalt and strontium. There were two elements (manganese and arsenic) for which average outflow concentrations were higher compared to inflow concentrations. Reduced manganese compounds are very soluble and therefore they are washed out under anaerobic conditions.     

人工湿地中的SND机理以及DO、pH对其的影响

人工湿地中的水生植物向系统中输送大量的DO,并为系统中的微生物提供栖息地,使得系统中连续同时发生硝化和反硝化（SND）反应。DO的高低直接影响到人工湿地系统SND的效果,根据SND的发生机理,可采用复合植物床（系统前端栽种泌氧能力强、后端泌氧能力稍弱的水生植物）和间歇运行的的方式来改善整个系统的脱氮能力。pH过高或过低都会抑制人工湿地系统的SND作用,最适宜值为7．0,据此可以选择适当pH的湿地填料来提高系统的SND作用。     

Removal of antibiotics from urban wastewater by constructed wetland optimization

Seven mesocosm-scale constructed wetlands (CWs), differing in their design characteristics, were set up in the open air to assess their efficiency to remove antibiotics from urban raw wastewater. A conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was simultaneously monitored. The experiment took place in autumn. An analytical methodology including HPLC-MS/MS was developed to measure antibiotic concentrations in the soluble water fraction, in the suspended solids fraction and in the WWTP sludge. Considering the soluble water fraction, the only easily eliminated antibiotics in the WWTP were doxycycline (61 ± 38%) and sulfamethoxazole (60 ± 26%). All the studied types of CWs were efficient for the removal of sulfamethoxazole (59 ± 30-87 ± 41%), as found in the WWTP, and, in addition, they removed trimethoprim (65 ± 21-96 ± 29%). The elimination of other antibiotics in CWs was limited by the specific system-configuration: amoxicillin (45 ± 15%) was only eliminated by a free-water (FW) subsurface flow (SSF) CW planted with Typha angustifolia; doxycycline was removed in FW systems planted with T. angustifolia (65 ± 34-75 ± 40%), in a Phragmites australis-floating macrophytes system (62 ± 31%) and in conventional horizontal SSF-systems (71 ± 39%); clarithromycin was partially eliminated by an unplanted FW-SSF system (50 ± 18%); erythromycin could only be removed by a P. australis-horizontal SSF system (64 ± 30%); and ampicillin was eliminated by a T. angustifolia-floating macrophytes system (29 ± 4%). Lincomycin was not removed by any of the systems (WWTP or CWs). The presence or absence of plants, the vegetal species (T. angustifolia or P. australis), the flow type and the CW design characteristics regulated the specific removal mechanisms. Therefore, CWs are not an overall solution to remove antibiotics from urban wastewater during cold seasons. However, more studies are needed to assess their ability in warmer periods and to determine the behaviour of full-scale systems.     

农户庭院型人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果

为了探讨人工湿地在农村生活污水处理应用中的可行性,通过在广东省珠海市上洲村建立农户型水平潜流和垂直流人工湿地系统各一套,比较2种人工湿地对农村生活污水净化效果的差异。在运行稳定阶段,2套系统处理出水中COD、BOD5、TP、NH4+-N和TN的平均浓度均达到了城镇污水处理厂排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。2套系统对农村生活污水的各污染物都具有很好的去除效果。其中,垂直流湿地对COD、BOD5、TP、TN和NH4+-N平均去除率分别为96.10%、96.01%、85.32%、91.18%和82.44%;水平潜流湿地则分别为93.29%、94.41%、86.52%、85.95%和77.46%。统计分析结果表明,垂直流湿地对NH4+-N的去除率高于水平潜流湿地,且其差异达到显著水平;水平潜流湿地对TP的去除率高于垂直流湿地,但其差异未达到显著水平。     

Temporal evolution in PPCP removal from urban wastewater by constructed wetlands of different configuration: a medium-term study

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are widely distributed in urban wastewaters and can be removed to some extent by constructed wetlands (CWs). The medium-term (3-5 years) behaviour of these systems regarding PPCP removal is still unknown. Seven mesocosm-scale (1 m²) CWs of different configurations were operated outdoors for 39 months under the same conditions to assess their PPCP removal ability and temporal evolution. CWs differed in some design parameters, namely plant presence, species chosen (Typha angustifolia vs Phragmites australis), flow configuration and presence/absence of gravel bed (floating macrophytes surface flow, FM-SF; free-water surface flow, FW-SF; free-water subsurface flow, FW-SSF; or conventional horizontal subsurface flow, SSF). PPCP efficiencies decreased throughout time and performance differences among CWs disappeared with the systems aging. This could be due to a homogenization process in the systems caused by detrimental factors like saturation, clogging and shading. Winter efficiencies were lower than summer ones for salicylic acid, caffeine, methyl dihydrojasmonate, galaxolide and tonalide, and seasonal biological activities seem key factors to explain this fact. Maximal removal efficiencies were achieved in an unplanted-FW-SSF for ketoprofen (47-81%), naproxen (58-81%) and salicylic acid (76-98%); in an unplanted-SSF for caffeine (65-99%); in a Phragmites-FM-SF for ibuprofen (49-96%) and diclofenac (16-68%); in a Typha-FM-SF for carbamazepine (35-71%); and in a Typha-FW-SSF for methyl dihydrojasmonate (71-96%), galaxolide (67-82%) and tonalide (55-74%). Photodegradation could be involved in ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac removal. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were moderately removed by the most efficient CWs studied. Carbamazepine might be eliminated by vegetal uptake.     

Constructed wetlands for mitigation of atrazine-associated agricultural runoff

Atrazine was amended into constructed wetlands (59-73x14x0.3 m) for the purpose of monitoring transport and fate of the pesticide to obtain information necessary to provide future design parameters for constructed wetlands mitigation of agricultural runoff. Following pesticide amendment, a simulated storm and runoff event equal to three volume additions was imposed on each wetland. Targeted atrazine concentrations were 0 microg/l (unamended control), 73 microg/l, and 147 microg/l. Water, sediment, and plant samples were collected weekly for 35 days from transects longitudinally distributed throughout each wetland and were analyzed for atrazine using gas chromatography. Between 17 and 42% of measured atrazine mass was within the first 30-36 m of wetlands. Atrazine was below detection limits (0.05 microg/kg) in all sediment and plant samples collected throughout the duration of this study. Aqueous half lives ranged from 16 to 48 days. According to these data, conservative buffer travel distances of 100-280 m would be necessary for effective runoff mitigation.     

Optimal conditions for chlorothalonil and dissolved organic carbon in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands

The most efficient system of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW) for removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the presence of chlorothalonil pesticide (CLT) present in synthetic domestic wastewater was determined using the macrophyte Phragmites australis. Two concentrations of CLT (85 and 385 μg L^?1) and one concentration of glucose (20 mg L^?1) were evaluated in four pilot scale horizontal surface flow constructed wetlands coupled with two sizes of silica gravel, igneous gravel, fine chalky gravel (3.18–6.35 mm), coarse gravel (12.70–25.40 mm) and two water surface heights (20 and 40 cm). For a month, wetlands were acclimated with domestic wastewater. Some groups of bacteria were also identified in the biofilm attached to the gravel. In each treatment periodic samplings were conducted in the influent and effluent. Chlorothalonil was quantified by gas chromatography (GC-ECD m), DOC by an organic carbon analyzer and bacterial groups using conventional microbiology in accordance with Standard Methods. The largest removals of DOC (85.82%–85.31%) were found when using fine gravel (3.18–6.35 mm) and the lower layer of water (20 cm). The bacterial groups quantified in the biofilm were total heterotrophic, revivable heterotrophic, Pseudomonas and total coliforms. The results of this study indicate that fine grain gravel (3.18–6.35 mm) and both water levels (20 to 40 cm) can be used in the removal of organic matter and for the treatment of agricultural effluents contaminated with organo-chloride pesticides like CLT in HSSFCW.     

Effect of vegetation in pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating sulphate rich groundwater contaminated with a low and high chlorinated hydrocarbon

In order to characterize the effect of vegetation on performance of constructed wetlands (CWs) treating low and high chlorinated hydrocarbon, two pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) CWs (planted with Phragmites australis and unplanted) treating sulphate rich groundwater contaminated with MCB (monochlorobenzene, as a low chlorinated hydrocarbon), (about 10 mg L⁻¹), and PCE (perchloroethylene, as a high chlorinated hydrocarbon), (about 2 mg L⁻¹), were examined. With mean MCB inflow load of 299 mg m⁻² d⁻¹, the removal rate was 58 and 208 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in the unplanted and planted wetland, respectively, after 4 m from the inlet. PCE was almost completely removed in both wetlands with mean inflow load of 49 mg m⁻² d⁻¹. However, toxic metabolites cis-1,2-DCE (dichloroethene) and VC (vinyl chloride) accumulated in the unplanted wetland; up to 70% and 25% of PCE was dechlorinated to cis-1,2-DCE and VC after 4 m from the inlet, respectively. Because of high sulphate concentration (around 850 mg L⁻¹) in the groundwater, the plant derived organic carbon caused sulphide formation (up to 15 mg L⁻¹) in the planted wetland, which impaired the MCB removal but not statistically significant. The results showed significant enhancement of vegetation on the removal of the low chlorinated hydrocarbon MCB, which is probably due to the fact that aerobic MCB degraders are benefited from the oxygen released by plant roots. Vegetation also stimulated completely dechlorination of PCE due to plant derived organic carbon, which is potentially to provide electron donor for dechlorination process. The plant derived organic carbon also stimulated dissimilatory sulphate reduction, which subsequently have negative effect on MCB removal.     

不同复合人工湿地对高污染河流有机污染物的去除

为了研究复合人工湿地对高污染河流污水中有机污染物的去除效果及规律,实验构建了不同水力负荷下的潜流+潜流、潜流+表面流、潜流+潜流+表面流、表面流+表面流等人工湿地单元组合成的5个复合人工湿地.连续运行一年以来,各复合人工湿地对BOD5、COD和SS的去除效果分别为91.9%~94.7%、69.3%~75.8%和92.3%~93.9%,相对于多级表流湿地,多级潜流湿地更利于有机污染物和悬浮物的去除;BOD5、COD和SS主要在各复合湿地的第一级湿地单元内得到去除;复合人工湿地对COD去除效果秋夏季两季好,春冬两季差;复合人工湿地能有效去除悬浮态BOD5和COD,出水中部分溶解态有机物难以有效降解.     

人工湿地基质再生技术的研究进展

人工湿地中基质对污染物的吸附是一个有限的过程,对其进行再生可减缓净化效果的下降趋势,降低周期性更换基质的材料消耗和购置成本,回用营养物质于农业。基质可以通过物理、化学或生物的方法原位或异位再生。其中生物再生成本低廉,生态友好且具有可持续性,是基质脱氮再生的最有效途径,可以通过优化离子浓度和交换速率,碳源、溶解氧、微生物群落结构等提高再生效果和速率。基质除磷物理再生效果受基质类型、磷浓度负荷、落干休作开始时机和持续时间等的影响,其操作简便,可在人工湿地的日常运行管理中原位实施。化学再生效果受基质种类、再生试剂的成分和浓度、环境条件如温度、pH值、Eh值和DO值等的影响,可在基质吸附饱和后作为应急措施使用。     

Mitigation of two pyrethroid insecticides in a Mississippi Delta constructed wetland

Constructed wetlands are a suggested best management practice to help mitigate agricultural runoff before entering receiving aquatic ecosystems. A constructed wetland system (180 m × 30 m), comprising a sediment retention basin and two treatment cells, was used to determine the fate and transport of simulated runoff containing the pyrethroid insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin, as well as suspended sediment. Wetland water, sediment, and plant samples were collected spatially and temporally over 55 d. Results showed 49 and 76% of the study's measured lambda-cyhalothrin and cyfluthrin masses were associated with vegetation, respectively. Based on conservative effects concentrations for invertebrates and regression analyses of maximum observed wetland aqueous concentrations, a wetland length of 215 m × 30 m width would be required to adequately mitigate 1% pesticide runoff from a 14 ha contributing area. Results of this experiment can be used to model future design specifications for constructed wetland mitigation of pyrethroid insecticides.     

人工湿地中抗生素抗性大肠杆菌和抗性基因的去除与分布

抗生素的滥用导致抗生素抗性菌和抗性基因随生活污水和养殖废水的排放在环境中肆意散播,其去除及环境行为越来越受到关注。采用K-B纸片法测定了9套不同工艺构型模拟人工湿地中大肠杆菌对7种抗生素的抗性率,并应用多重PCR检测磺胺类sul1、2、3与四环素tetA、B、C、D抗性基因,探究人工湿地对抗性菌的去除效率及抗性菌、抗性基因的分布规律。结果显示,人工湿地能有效去除污水中70%左右的抗性大肠杆菌,有效降低了细菌抗性的传播风险;共计分离出535株大肠肝菌中有378株对一种以上抗生素有抗性性,以四环素、磺胺类和氨苄西林抗性率最高,达到25%以上,其他4种抗性率较低,不足20%;2种抗性基因的检出率都在70%以上;对不同采样点大肠杆菌的抗性性及抗性基因的比较发现,各部分大肠杆菌的抗性水平、多重抗性指数(MRI)以及抗性基因(sul、tet)检出率和组合数表现出:基质≥出水>进水,推测抗性菌被湿地基质截留,在基质生物膜上发生抗性基因的重组,并释放抗性菌,提高了出水中抗性水平和抗性基因检出率。     

利用人工湿地脱除废水中氨氮和磷的统计分析

论述了利用人工湿地脱除废水中氨氮和正磷酸盐类污染物的统计分析,调查基于国外文献报道的研究数据和实际运行数据.结果表明,污染物输入和输出浓度关系可以由线形规律获得关联,这些污染物因子脱除动力学也可以用适于BOD降解的Kichuth一级脱除方程来描述.由不同人工湿地关联的一级动力学常数具有较好的相关性.     

芦苇和香蒲在人工湿地城市污泥处理系统中的应用

用有机玻璃材料做成模拟人工湿地,分别种植芦苇和香蒲考察2种模拟植物湿地对城市污泥干化和稳定化、污泥中营养元素和重金属去除效果,并和空白湿地对比。实验污泥取自当地污水厂二沉池,污水处理采用厌氧池加氧化沟工艺。模拟人工湿地进泥负荷为0.72 kg TS/(m2.d),进泥中TS平均含量为5.58 g/L,pH为6.80。实验期为1年,采用间歇式进泥,渗滤液月采集测样一次,湿地剩余污泥2月1次。实验结果受天气和气候影响较大,处理效果夏季好于冬季,出水水质和剩余污泥的干化及稳定效果芦苇湿地好于香蒲湿地。剩余污泥中各种重金属含量低于污泥农用标准中各重金属离子浓度要求。结果表明,人工湿地植物净化系统对城市污泥有较好的脱水和稳定化效果。     

人工湿地污水处理系统中的植物氮磷吸收富集能力研究

比较研究了人工湿地污水处理系统中7种植物对氮、磷的吸收能力.研究表明,所选7种湿地植物,稳定生长4个月后,平均总生物量在1 215～3 500 g/m2,植物氮、磷平均质量浓度分别为13.76～23.11、1.44～3.80 mg/g.香蒲具有最高氮积累量达48.18 g/m2,梭鱼草具有最高磷积累量为7.23 g/m2,姜草对氮、磷的积累量最低分别为21.40、1.68 g/m2.植物地上部氮、磷积累量与地下部的氮、磷积累量差异较大,除姜草外,植物地上部、地下部的氮、磷积累量比均大于3,黄花美人蕉地上部、地下部的氮、磷积累量比分别达11.75、12.10.通过植物收割去除氮、磷量约占湿地总去除量的2%～6%.     

Treatment of tannery wastewater in a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland system in Bangladesh

This paper reports the pollutant removal performances of a hybrid wetland system in Bangladesh for the treatment of a tannery wastewater. The system consisted of three treatment stages: a subsurface vertical flow (VF) wetland, followed by a horizontal flow (HF) and a VF wetland. The wetlands were planted with common reed (Phragmites australis), but employed different media, including organic coco-peat, cupola slag and pea gravel. In the first stage, experimental results demonstrated significant removal of ammonia (52%), nitrate (54%), BOD (78%), and COD (56%) under high organics loading rate (690 g COD m⁻² d⁻¹); simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and organics degradation were attributed to the unique characteristics of the coco-peat media, which allowed greater atmospheric oxygen transfer for nitrification and organic degradation, and supply of organic carbon for denitrification. The second stage HF wetland produced an average PO₄ removal of 61%, primarily due to adsorption by the iron-rich cupola slag media. In the third treatment stage, which was filled with gravel media, further BOD removal (78%) from the tannery wastewater depleted organic carbon, causing the accumulation of NO₃ in the wastewater. Overall, the average percentage removals of NH₃-N, NO₃-N, BOD, COD, and PO₄ were 86%, 50%, 98%, 98% and 87%, respectively, across the whole hybrid system. The results provided a strong evidence to support widespread research and application of the constructed wetland as a low-cost, energy-efficient, wastewater treatment technology in Bangladesh.     

进水方式对序批式人工湿地处理效能的影响

序批式人工湿地具有较高的脱氮效能,研究考察了序批式人工湿地间歇和连续2种进水方式对其处理效能的影响。研究表明,进水方式对TN去除效能影响显著,对COD、NH4＋-N去除影响不显著。在水温18～25℃,负荷38 gCOD/（m2.d）条件下,采用＂进水10 min-反应12 h-排水10 min-排空闲置4 h＂的间歇进水方式时,可使进水COD、NH4＋-N和TN分别为306、65和73 mg/L的生活污水,出水分别为45、7和19 mg/L,去除率分别为85%、89%和74%,与＂进水反应12 h-排水10 min-排空闲置4 h＂的连续进水方式相比,COD和TN的去除率分别提高4%和32%。     

铁/锰矿基人工湿地脱氮除磷性能及机理

铁氧化物和锰氧化物均可在缺氧条件下介导氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)的氧化去除,这2项技术被称为铁氨氧化(Feammox)和锰氨氧化(Mnammox)。此外,金属氧化物对总磷(TP)也有去除能力,因此,在人工湿地中具有良好的应用前景。为比较铁矿基和锰矿基人工湿地的脱氮除磷效果,本研究建立了铁矿基人工湿地(CW-Fe)、锰矿基人工湿地(CW-Mn)和砾石对照组人工湿地(CW-C)3组人工湿地。结果表明,CW-Fe和CW-Mn的脱氮除磷性能均优于CW-C。尽管锰矿对NH₄⁺-N的吸附作用最强,但CW-Fe却表现出了更优越的NH₄⁺-N长期去除性能。在基质对NH₄⁺-N的吸附饱和后,CW-Fe对NH₄⁺-N的去除率仍有39.93%~62.4%,而CW-Mn只有29.15%~35.4%。由于铁矿和锰矿溶出的金属离子能与磷酸盐结合形成稳定的沉淀,从而有效去除TP,CW-Fe和CW-Mn均有优异的TP去除性能。CW-Mn的TP去除率最高,为95.26%,其次是CW-Fe,为79.97%。在微生物方面,具有还原铁氧化物和氧化NH₄⁺-N潜力的Bacillus和Exiguobacterium在CW-Fe中均得到了显著富集。结合水质数据及脱氮相关功能菌的分析,推测出Feammox中可能更倾向于将NH₄⁺-N直接氧化为N₂,而Mnammox则是更倾向于先将NH₄⁺-N氧化为NO_x⁻-N。本研究可为探索同步脱氮除磷的低能耗污水处理工艺及人工湿地中基质的选择提供案例参考。