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1.
In this work, Bi 4Nb xTa (1−x)O 8I photocatalysts have been synthesized by solid state reaction method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and UV-Vis near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of these photocatalysts was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solutions under visible light, UV light and solar irradiation. The effects of catalyst dosage, initial pH and MO concentration on the removal efficiency were studied, and the photocatalytic reaction kinetics of MO degradation as well. The results indicated that Bi 4Nb xTa (1−x)O 8I exhibited high photocatalytic activity for the removal of MO in aqueous solutions. For example, the removal efficiency of MO by Bi 4Nb 0.1Ta 0.9O 8I was as high as 92% within 12 h visible light irradiation under the optimal conditions: initial MO concentration of 5-10 mg L −1, catalyst dosage of 6 g L −1 and natural pH (6-8), the MO molecules could be completely degradated by Bi 4Nb 0.1Ta 0.9O 8I within 40 min under UV light irradiation, and the photodegradation efficiency reaches to 60% after 7 h solar irradiation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) was also investigated under visible light irradiation. It is found that 99% BPA could be mineralized by Bi 4Nb 0.1Ta 0.9O 8I after 16 h visible light irradiation. Through HPLC/MS, BOD, TOC, UV-Vis measurements, we determined possible degradation products of MO and BPA. The results indicated that MO was degradated into products which are easier to be biodegradable and innocuous treated, and BPA could be mineralized completely. Furthermore, the possibility for the photosensitization effect in the degradation process of MO under visible light irradiation has been excluded. 相似文献
2.
Nitrogen concentration and δ15N in 175 epilithic moss samples were investigated along four directions from urban to rural sites in Guiyang, SW China. The spatial variations of moss N concentration and δ15N revealed that atmospheric N deposition is dominated by NH x-N from two major sources (urban sewage NH 3 and agricultural NH 3), the deposition of urban-derived NH x followed a point source pattern characterized by an exponential decline with distance from the urban center, while the agricultural-derived NH x was shown to be a non-point source. The relationship between moss N concentration and distance ( y = 1.5e −0.13x + 1.26) indicated that the maximum transporting distance of urban-derived NH x averaged 41 km from the urban center, and it could be determined from the relationship between moss δ15N and distance [ y = 2.54 ln( x) − 12.227] that urban-derived NH x was proportionally lower than agricultural-derived NH x in N deposition at sites beyond 17.2 km from the urban center. Consequently, the variation of urban-derived NH x with distance from the urban center could be modeled as y = 56.272e −0.116x − 0.481 in the Guiyang area. 相似文献
3.
Combination of divergent active principles to achieve broad-spectrum control is gaining popularity to manage the weed menace in intensive agriculture. However, such application could have non-target impacts on the soil processes affecting soil ecology and environmental interactions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of separate and combined applications of herbicides bensulfuron methyl and pretilachlor on the emission of N 2O and CH 4, and related soil and microbial parameters in a flooded alluvial field planted to rice cv Lalat. Single application of the herbicide bensulfuron methyl or pretilachlor resulted in a significant reduction of N 2O and CH 4 emissions while the combination of these two herbicides distinctly increased N 2O and CH 4 emissions. Cumulative N 2O emissions (kg N 2O-N) followed the order of bensulfuron methyl (0.35 kg ha −1) < pretilachlor (0.36 kg ha −1) < control (0.45 kg ha −1) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% single dose (0.49 kg ha −1) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% double dose (0.54 kg ha −1). Cumulative CH 4 emissions (kg CH 4), on the other hand, followed the order of bensulfuron methyl (47.89 kg ha −1) < pretilachlor (73.17 kg ha −1) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% single dose (93.50 kg ha −1) < control (106.54 kg ha −1) < bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6.0% double dose (124.67 kg ha −1). The inhibitory effect of separate application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl 0.6% and pretilachlor 6.0% on N 2O emission was linked to lower mineral N, lower denitrifying and nitrifying activity and low denitrifier and nitrifier populations. Inhibitory effect on CH 4 emission, on the contrary, was linked to prevention in the drop of redox potential, lower readily mineralizable carbon (RMC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) contents as well as lower methanogenic and higher methanotrophic bacterial population. Admittedly, stimulatory effect of combined application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl 0.6% and pretilachlor 6.0% at double dose on N 2O and CH 4 emission was related to reversal of the identified indicators of inhibition. Results indicate that while individual application of herbicides bensulfuron methyl 0.6% or pretilachlor 6.0% can reduce N 2O and CH 4 emission from flooded soil planted to rice, their combined application at normal dose can keep the emission at a comparatively lower level with significantly higher grain yield as compared to the herbicides applied alone. 相似文献
4.
This work describes for the first time the photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of 6-chloronicotinic acid (6CNA) in double deionised water, which is a degradation product of neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and acetamiprid, and it is known to appear in different environmental matrices. Photolytic experiments were performed with three UVA (ultraviolet A) polychromatic fluorescent lamps with broad maximum at 355 nm, while photocatalytic experiments were performed using immobilised titanium dioxide (TiO 2) on six glass slides in the spinning basket inside a photocatalytic quartz cell under similar irradiation conditions. Photolytic degradation revealed no change in concentration of 6CNA within 120 min of irradiation, while the photocatalytic degradation within 120 min, obeyed first-order kinetics. The observed disappearance rate constant was k = 0.011 ± 0.001 min −1 and t1/2 was 63.1 ± 5.5 min. Mineralisation rate was estimated through total organic carbon (TOC) and measurements revealed no carbon removal in case of photolysis after 120 min of exposure. However in photocatalytic experiments 46 ± 7% mineralisation was achieved within 120 min of irradiation. Nevertheless, the removal of total nitrogen (TN) was not observed across all experiments. Ion chromatographic analyses indicated transformation of chlorine atoms to chloride and increase of nitrate(V) ions only via photocatalytic experiments. Efficiency of selected advanced oxidation process (AOP) was investigated through toxicity assessment with Vibrio fischeri luminescent bacteria and revealed higher adverse effects of treated samples on bacteria following photocatalytic degradation in spite of the fact that higher mineralisation was achieved. New hydroxylated product generated in photocatalytic experiments with TiO 2, was confirmed with liquid chromatography-electro spray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) analyses, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H NMR). 相似文献
5.
Particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air were monitored together with particulate matter less than 10 μm (PM 10) at three sampling sites of the Andean city of Manizales, Colombia; during September 2009 and July 2010. PCDD/Fs ambient air emissions ranged from 1 fg WHO-TEQ m −3 to 52 fg WHO-TEQ m −3 in particulate fraction. The PM 10 concentrations ranged from 23 μg m −3 to 54 μg m −3. Concentrations of PM 10 and PCDD/Fs in ambient air observed for Manizales - a medium sized city with a population of 380 000 - were comparable to concentrations in larger cities. The highest concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PM 10 found in this study were determined at the central zone of the city, characterized by public transportation density, where diesel as principal fuel is used. In addition, hypothetical gas fractions of PCDD/Fs were calculated from theoretical Kp data. Congener profiles of PCDD/Fs exhibited ratios associated with different combustion sources at the different sampling locations, ranging from steel recycling to gasoline and diesel engines. Taking into account particle and gas hypothetical fraction of PCDD/Fs, Manizales exhibited values of PCDD/Fs equivalent to rural and urban-industrial sites in the southeast and center of the city respectively. Poor correlation of PCDDs with PM 10 ( r = −0.55 and r = 0.52) suggests ambient air PCDDs were derived from various combustion sources. Stronger correlation was observed of PCDFs with PM 10. Poor correlation between precipitation and reduced PM 10 concentration in ambient air ( r = −0.45) suggested low PM 10 removal by rainfall. 相似文献
6.
This research focused on photocatalytic degradation of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin employing a tailor-made photoreactor with six polychromatic fluorescent UVA (broad maximum at 355 nm) lamps and immobilised titanium dioxide (TiO 2) on glass slides. The disappearance was followed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) analyses, wherein the efficiency of mineralization was monitored by measurements of total organic carbon (TOC). Within 2 h of photocatalysis, all three neonicotinoids were degraded following first order kinetics with rate constants k = 0.035 ± 0.001 min −1 for imidacloprid, k = 0.019 ± 0.001 min −1 for thiamethoxam and k = 0.021 ± 0.000 min −1 for clothianidin. However, the rate of mineralization was low, i.e. 19.1 ± 0.2% for imidacloprid, 14.4 ± 2.9% for thiamethoxam and 14.1 ± 0.4% for clothianidin. This indicates that several transformation products were formed instead. Some of them were observed within HPLC-DAD analyses and structures were proposed according to the liquid chromatography-electro spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The formation of clothianidin, as thiamethoxam transformation product, was reported for the first time. 相似文献
7.
Ecotoxicological risks of agricultural application of six insecticides to soil organisms were evaluated by acute toxicity tests under laboratory condition following OECD guidelines using the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida as the test organism. The organochlorine insecticide endosulfan (LC 50 - 0.002 mg kg −1) and the carbamate insecticides aldicarb (LC 50 - 9.42 mg kg −1) and carbaryl (LC 50 - 14.81 mg kg −1) were found ecologically most dangerous because LC 50 values of these insecticides were lower than the respective recommended agricultural dose (RAD). Although E. fetida was found highly susceptible to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin (LC 50 - 0.054 mg kg −1), the value was higher than its RAD. The organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos (LC 50 - 28.58 mg kg −1), and monocrotophos (LC 50 - 39.75 mg kg −1) were found less toxic and ecologically safe because the LC 50 values were much higher than their respective RAD. 相似文献
8.
Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the influences of H 2O 2/Fe(II) molar ratio, pH, sequence of pH adjustment, initial As(V) concentration, and interfering ions on As(V) removal in H 2O 2-Fe(II) process from synthetic acid mine drainage (AMD). The optimum H 2O 2/Fe(II) molar ratio was one for arsenate removal over the pH range of 4-7. Arsenate removal at pH 3 was poor even at high Fe(II) dosage due to the high solubility of Fe(III) formed in situ. With the increase of Fe(II) dosage, arsenate removal increased progressively before a plateau was reached at pH 5 as arsenate concentration varied from 0.05 to 2.0 mg L −1. However, arsenate removal was negligible at Fe/As molar ratio <3 and then experienced a striking increase before a plateau was reached at pH 7 and arsenate concentration ≥1.0 mg L −1. The co-occurring ions exerted no significant effect on arsenate removal at pH 5. The experimental results with synthetic AMD revealed that this method is highly selective for arsenate removal and the co-occurring ions either improved arsenate removal or slightly depressed arsenate removal at pH 5-7. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) derived As-Fe length, 3.27-3.30 Å, indicated that arsenate was removed by forming bidentate-binuclear complexes with FeO(OH) octahydra. The economic analysis revealed that the cost of the H 2O 2-Fe(II) process was only 17-32% of that of conventional Fe(III) coagulation process to achieve arsenate concentration below 10 μg L −1 in treated solution. The results suggested that the H 2O 2-Fe(II) process is an efficient, economical, selective and practical method for arsenate removal from AMD. 相似文献
9.
This study presents the field investigations into the effects of cover soils and leachate subsurface irrigation on N 2O emissions from municipal solid waste landfills. Landfill Site A and Site B, covered with carefully chosen infertile soils, were selected to monitor their diurnal and seasonal variations of N 2O emissions. The annual average N 2O flux was 469 ± 796 μg N 2O-N m −2 h −1 in Site B with leachate subsurface irrigation, three times that of Site A without leachate irrigation. When an additional soil containing lower contents of carbon and nitrogen was introduced to cover part of Site B, its N 2O fluxes decreased by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared with the left area of Site B. This suggested that carefully selected cover soils could substantially reduce N 2O emissions even under leachate subsurface irrigation. Statistical analysis proved that the availabilities of soil moisture and mineralized nitrogen were the key parameters controlling landfill N 2O emissions. 相似文献
10.
Bismuth molybdate (Bi2MoO6) nanostructures has attracted many researches as an advanced photocalysts for the organic contaminants. In this paper, bismuth molybdate Bi2MoO6 nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple hydrothermal method at varied pH (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) for 15 h at 180 °C. The results reveal the variation pH precursor solutions have a significant impact on the morphology, phase formations, and photocatalytic activity of samples. The synthesized samples at low pH level were characterized by FESEM analysis revealing Bi2MoO6 nanoplates have formed while gradually convert to Bi2MoO6 spherical nanoparticle at high PH level as shown in energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (DES) peaks. The X-ray diffraction patterns reveal characteristic peaks corresponding to mixed phases of Bi2MoO6 and cubic Bi4MoO9 at high pH value. The optical absorption study exhibit Bi2MoO6 nanoplates absorbed visible light with blue shift when compared to the cubic Bi4MoO9 structures. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity results revealed that nanoplates in pH?=?4 sample has excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of rhodamine (RhB), methylene orange (MO), and phenol under visible-light irradiation (λ?>?400 nm) as well as exhibit the photodegradation 90% of phenol within 300 min. 相似文献
11.
In this work, Ag-doping TiO 2 nanotubes were prepared and employed as the photocatalyst for the degradation of toluene. The TiO 2 nanotube powder was produced by the rapid-breakdown potentiostatic anodization of Ti foil in chloride-containing electrolytes, and then doped with Ag through an incipient wetness impregnation method. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, surface photovoltage measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and N 2 adsorption. The nanotubular TiO 2 photocatalysts showed an outer diameter of approximately 40 nm, fine mesoporous structure and high specific surface area. The photocatalytic activity of Ag-doping TiO 2 nanotube powder was evaluated through photooxidation of gaseous toluene. The results indicated that the degradation efficiency of toluene could get 98% after 4 h reaction using the Ag-doping TiO 2 nanotubes as the photocatalyst under UV light illumination, which was higher than that of the pure TiO 2 nanotubes, Ag-doping P25 or P25. Benzaldehyde species could be observed during the photocatalytic oxidation monitored by in situ FTIR, and the formed benzaldehyde intermediate during reaction would be partially oxidized into CO 2 and H 2O. 相似文献
12.
We used Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate whether acute exposure to TiO 2-NPs at the concentration of 20 μg L −1 reflecting predicted environmental relevant concentration and 25 mg L −1 reflecting concentration in food can cause toxicity on nematodes with mutations of susceptible genes. Among examined mutants associated with oxidative stress and stress response, we found that genes of sod-2, sod-3, mtl-2, and hsp-16.48 might be susceptible for TiO 2-NPs toxicity. Mutations of these genes altered functions of both possible primary and secondary targeted organs in nematodes exposed to 25 mg L −1 of TiO 2-NPs for 24-h. Mutations of these genes caused similar expression patterns of genes required for oxidative stress in TiO 2-NPs exposed mutant nematodes, implying their similar mechanisms to form the susceptible property. Nevertheless, acute exposure to 20 μg L −1 of TiO 2-NPs for 24-h and 25 mg L −1 of TiO 2-NPs for 0.48-h or 5.71-h did not influence functions of both possible primary and secondary targeted organs in sod-2, sod-3, mtl-2, and hsp-16.48 mutants. Therefore, our results suggest the relatively safe property of acute exposure to TiO 2-NPs with certain durations at predicted environmental relevant concentrations or concentrations comparable to those in food in nematodes with mutations of some susceptible genes. 相似文献
13.
Biochar has been recently proposed as a management strategy to improve crop productivity and global warming mitigation. However, the effect of such approach on soil greenhouse gas fluxes is highly uncertain and few data from field experiments are available. In a field trial, cultivated with wheat, biochar was added to the soil (3 or 6 kg m −2) in two growing seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) so to monitor the effect of treatments on microbial parameters 3 months and 14 months after char addition. N 2O, CH 4 and CO 2 fluxes were measured in the field during the first year after char addition. Biochar incorporation into the soil increased soil pH (from 5.2 to 6.7) and the rates of net N mineralization, soil microbial respiration and denitrification activity in the first 3 months, but after 14 months treated and control plots did not differ significantly. No changes in total microbial biomass and net nitrification rate were observed. In char treated plots, soil N 2O fluxes were from 26% to 79% lower than N 2O fluxes in control plots, excluding four sampling dates after the last fertilization with urea, when N 2O emissions were higher in char treated plots. However, due to the high spatial variability, the observed differences were rarely significant. No significant differences of CH 4 fluxes and field soil respiration were observed among different treatments, with just few exceptions. Overall the char treatments showed a minimal impact on microbial parameters and GHG fluxes over the first 14 months after biochar incorporation. 相似文献
15.
The acute toxicity of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) in aquatic environments at high concentrations has been well-established. This study demonstrates that, at a concentration generally considered to be safe in the environment, nano-TiO 2 remarkably enhanced the toxicity of copper to Daphnia magna by increasing the copper bioaccumulation. Specifically, at 2 mg L −1 nano-TiO 2, the (LC 50) of Cu 2+ concentration observed to kill half the population, decreased from 111 μg L −1 to 42 μg L −1. Correspondingly, the level of metallothionein decreased from 135 μg g −1 wet weight to 99 μg g −1 wet weight at a Cu 2+ level of 100 μg L −1. The copper was found to be adsorbed onto the nano-TiO 2, and ingested and accumulated in the animals, thereby causing toxic injury. The nano-TiO 2 may compete for free copper ions with sulfhydryl groups, causing the inhibition of the detoxification by metallothioneins. 相似文献
16.
A mass screening of lung function associated with air pollutants for children is limited. This study assessed the association between air pollutants exposure and the lung function of junior high school students in a mass screening program in Taipei city, Taiwan. Among 10,396 students with completed asthma screening questionnaires and anthropometric measures, 2919 students aged 12-16 received the spirometry test. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory flow in 1 s (FEV 1) in association with daily ambient concentrations of particulate matter with diameter of 10 μm or less (PM 10), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), and ozone (O 3) were assessed by regression models controlling for the age, gender, height, weight, student living districts, rainfall and temperature. FVC, had a significant negative association with short-term exposure to O 3 and PM 10 measured on the day of spirometry testing. FVC values also were reversely associated with means of SO 2, O 3, NO 2, PM 10 and CO exposed 1 d earlier. An increase of 1-ppm CO was associated with the reduction in FVC for 69.8 mL (95% CI: −115, −24.4 mL) or in FEV 1 for 73.7 mL (95% CI: −118, −29.7 mL). An increase in SO 2 for 1 ppb was associated with the reductions in FVC and FEV 1 for 12.9 mL (95% CI: −20.7, −5.09 mL) and 11.7 mL (95% CI: −19.3, −4.16 mL), respectively. In conclusion, the short-term exposure to O 3 and PM 10 was associated with reducing FVC and FEV 1. CO and SO 2 exposure had a strong 1-d lag effect on FVC and FEV 1. 相似文献
17.
Highly ordered ZnFe 2O 4 nanotube arrays were successfully prepared by anodic aluminum oxide templates from sol-gel solution. The results from environmental scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy indicated that the as-prepared samples were vertically aligned spinel ZnFe 2O 4 nanotube arrays, and the nanotubes were uniform along the axial direction with an average diameter of approximately 200 nm. The absorption edge of ZnFe 2O 4 nanotube arrays shifted to a higher energy in the UV-Vis absorption spectrum compared with that of ZnFe 2O 4 nanoparticles film. The synthesized ZnFe 2O 4 nanotube arrays exhibited excellent photocatalytic capability for degradation of 4-chlorophenol under visible-light irradiation. The main intermediate degradation species of 4-chlorophenol identified by liquid chromatography-mass technique were benzoquinone, hydroquinone, hydroxybenzoquinone and 2-peroxy-o-dihydroxybenzene. The degradation pathways of 4-chlorophenol under visible-light irradiation was derived and discussed by interpreting the observations of the intermediate species in the photocatalytic reactions. 相似文献
18.
There have been serious concerns about polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the environment because of their global distribution and bioaccumulation. Owing to strong hydrophobicity of PBDEs, the regular photocatalytic system, in which the substrate is solvated in the bulk solution, is not applicable to the removal of the PBDEs in water. In this work, the photocatalytic reduction degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), the most-used PBDEs, was investigated in aqueous system, by pre-adsorbing it on the surface of photocatalyst. It was found that the preloaded BDE209 underwent efficient reductive debromination in aqueous system under irradiation with wavelength larger than 360 nm in the presence of electron donors such as methanol. Our experiments further show that such a preloaded system exhibits different characteristics from that in the organic solution. The meta-debrominated intermediate is predominant in the present system, while the ortho-debrominated one is the main nona-BDE products in the organic solution. In addition, different from other photocatalytic system, the pH has little effect on the photocatalytic reaction. We propose that these differences are originated from the formation of overlayer of hydrophobic BDE209 to limit the motion of BDE209 and the access of water and H +/OH − to the TiO 2 surface. 相似文献
19.
In this study, nine perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were investigated in water and sediment of Haihe River (HR) and Dagu Drainage Canal (DDC), Tianjin, China. The total PFCs in water samples from DDC (40-174 ng L −1) was much greater than those from HR (12-74 ng L −1). PFC contamination was severe at lower reaches of HR due to industry activities, while high PFCs were found in the middle of DDC due to the effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the predominant PFCs in aqueous phase. The total PFCs in sediments from DDC (1.6-7.7 ng g −1 dry weight) were lower as compared to HR (7.1-16 ng g −1), maybe due to the dredging of sediment in DDC conducted recently. PFOS was the major PFC in HR sediments followed by PFOA; while PFHxA was the major PFC in DDC sediments. Organic carbon calibrated sediment-water distribution coefficients ( KOC) were calculated for HR. The Log KOC ranged from 3.3 to 4.4 for C7-C11 perfluorinated carboxylic acids, increasing by 0.1-0.6 log units with each additional CF 2 moiety. The log KOC for 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated acid was reported for the first time with a mean value of 4.0. The log Koc of PFOS was higher than perfluoronanoic acid by 0.8 log units. 相似文献
20.
Introduction Schwertmannite was synthesized through an oxidation of FeSO 4 by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans LX5 cell suspension at an initial pH?2.5 and 28°C for 3?days and characterized using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. The schwertmannite photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) by oxalate was investigated at different initial pH values, concentrations of schwertmannite, oxalate, and MO. Results The results demonstrated that photodegradation of MO in the presence of schwertmannite or oxalate alone was very weak. However, the removal of MO was significantly enhanced when schwertmannite and oxalate coexisted in the reaction system. Low pH (4 or less) was beneficial to the degradation of MO. The optimal doses of schwertmannite and oxalate were 0.2?g?L ?1 and 2?mM, respectively. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and Fe(II), the intermediate products, were also examined during the reaction to explore their correlation with the degradation of MO. Conclusion A possible mechanism for the photocatalytic decomposition of MO in the study was proposed. The formation of Fe(III)-oxalate complexes on the surface of schwertmannite was a precursor of H 2O 2 and Fe(II) production, further leading to the yield of ·OH responsible for the decomposition of MO. 相似文献
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