生活垃圾分类减量现状与展望

以上海市为例总结了生活垃圾分类工作的发展历程,分析了生活垃圾分类减量工作的重要意义,对上海市2011年以来生活垃圾分类减量工作的目标、方法、存在问题等进行阐述,并提出了下一步加强生活垃圾分类减量工作的发展方向和对策措施。     

台湾生活垃圾减量措施及其对中国大陆的启示

介绍了台湾生活垃圾减量措施,包括制定相关政策法规、倡导垃圾源头减量、开展宣传教育等。分析了其成功经验,以及对我国大陆开展垃圾分类减量及减量管理工作的启示。     

丹麦居民垃圾源头减量措施与启示——以《丹麦无垃圾计划(2015—2027)》为例

通过对《丹麦无垃圾计划(2015—2027)》的介绍,分析丹麦居民生活垃圾源头减量的措施和对我国开展垃圾分类减量及减量管理工作的启示。     

上海市生活垃圾源头分类的瓶颈及对策思考

梳理了上海市生活垃圾分类减量的管理工作,就推进生活垃圾源头分类的瓶颈进行了阐述,并提出了促进生活垃圾分类减量的对策。     

上海农村垃圾源头分类的可行性研究

针对上海市生活垃圾分类减量工作出现的瓶颈问题,提出在农村地区实行生活垃圾源头分类,就地处置,是突破上海市垃圾减量瓶颈的可行性办法。     

我国厨余垃圾管理现状及提高资源化利用水平的对策建议

推动生活垃圾源头减量和资源化利用是普遍推行垃圾分类制度和稳步推进“无废城市”建设的重要基石,厨余垃圾管理是生活垃圾减量和提质增效的着力点。如何实现厨余垃圾资源化高值利用,大力发展循环经济,将为垃圾分类和“无废城市”建设提供重要支撑。通过分析厨余垃圾管理存在的主要问题及资源化标准现状,探讨如何优化厨余垃圾管理路径和提升资源化利用水平,从加强源头减量、完善处理模式、优化配套政策、加快示范试点、提升绩效评价等方面提出对策建议,为政府和行业决策提供参考。     

苏州市生活垃圾分类实践及思考

介绍了苏州市生活垃圾"近期大分流、远期细分类"的分类模式,以及垃圾分类的政策法规体系、收运体系和终端处置体系,提出关于垃圾分类对垃圾减量的贡献、厨余垃圾分类的必要性和可行性、垃圾分类的主要推动力及垃圾分类模式选择的思考和建议。     

德国塑料垃圾减量及回收再利用措施

通过描述德国制定塑料垃圾源头减量法律和政策,各大机构和市民积极采取各项措施,从源头减少塑料垃圾产生量,并加强塑料垃圾的回收再利用,解析其对中国塑料垃圾的减量和回收再利用的借鉴意义。     

城市生活垃圾分类政策执行中的问题与对策分析

随着城镇化进程的持续加快,全国各地生活垃圾产量持续走向新高,且依旧呈现上升的趋势,各地生活垃圾末端处理压力巨大。此外,随着生活水平的不断提高,市民普遍对周边生活环境的质量有了更高的需求,促使政府必须构建更加完善的城市生活垃圾治理系统。生活垃圾分类处理被视为解决生活垃圾污染环境、促进生活垃圾资源化利用的关键之举,在我国已有几十年的发展历程,但始终没有取得良好的效果,究其原因,政策工具的选择及其执行过程是关键因素。为此,以我国政策工具视角出发,对现行政策工具进行了梳理,系统分析了我国垃圾分类政策工具及政策执行过程中存在的问题,并提出针对性解决对策,对构建城市生活垃圾分类管理新模式,促进生活垃圾减量和资源回收是非常有必要的。     

英国废弃物战略及垃圾减量研究

1999年欧盟《填埋指令》实施,2000年英国在国家层面推出了《英格兰和威尔士废弃物战略2000》,目的是制定英国未来15年废弃物管理战略和目标。2007年,为落实欧盟《废弃物框架指令》要求,英国又推出《废弃物战略2007》。据2014年9月公布的统计数据显示,2012年英国生活垃圾产生量较2010年减少了54.2万t;生活垃圾回收利用率提高到43.9%;可生物降解的垃圾填埋量,较2010年减少了268.9万t。英国废弃物战略对垃圾减量的推动作用明显,成效显著,为我国制定垃圾减量的国家战略,提供可借鉴经验。     

瑞典生活垃圾处理方式及效果分析

生活垃圾分类回收管理措施正在我国各大城市全面实施。通过对瑞典生活垃圾层级管理和4种处理方式的介绍,对瑞典垃圾回收再利用效果进行分析,为我国推进生活垃圾分类回收再利用工作,提供可借鉴经验和参考。     

日本《废弃物处理法》对我国城市生活垃圾分类立法的启示

住房和城乡建设部发布《生活垃圾分类标志》新标准,城市生活垃圾分类工作逐步推进,但是仍然存在尚待完善之处。日本《废弃物处理法》是日本生活垃圾分类治理的立法依据,其成功经验颇值得借鉴。在总结《日本废弃物处理法》的立法概况和分析其城市生活垃圾分类立法特征的基础上,探讨我国城市生活垃圾分类立法现状,从立法目的与原则、城市生活垃圾分类标准、各主体的法律责任及惩罚措施4个维度提出具体优化路径。     

Municipal solid waste composition and food loss reduction in Kyoto City

For 35 years, Kyoto City has conducted detailed household waste composition surveys under the guidance of Kyoto University by dividing household waste into approximately 400 categories. In addition, the city has conducted detailed composition surveys of commercial waste generated by businesses. These surveys show that food loss accounts for approximately 40% of total waste, of which leftovers and untouched food account for about 40% in both households and business facilities. Consequently, the annual generation of household and commercial food loss is estimated at about 30,000 tons. Various efforts have been made to reduce waste, including food loss, but further reduction in environmental burden is needed. Thus, Kyoto City revised the ordinance for waste reduction, and in March 2015, formulated a new municipal waste management plan. The plan not only includes the 2Rs (reduce, reuse), but also, for the first time in Japan, sets quantitative targets for reducing food loss. Kyoto City must ensure that the necessary waste reduction measures are clearly explained to the residents and business operators. To ensure that this plan is successful, it is important to clarify concrete actions that residents and business operators should implement, along with their effects.     

Potentials for the prevention of municipal solid waste

Waste prevention has been assigned the highest priority under European waste management law. However, the initiatives which have been taken so far have not reduced the regular annual increase in total waste arising across Europe. The purpose of this paper is to quantify and analyze in depth the prevention potential for selected case studies (advertising material, beverage packaging, diapers, food waste, waste from events). Only such measures are considered, which do not require a reduction of consumption. The prevention potentials for household waste in theory are exemplified for the city of Vienna, also with a view to barriers that may reduce the achievable prevention potential. The results show that the prevention potentials for the analyzed individual measures can reach an order of magnitude of some 10% of the relevant waste stream (e.g., advertising material, beverage packaging), or rather 1-3% of municipal solid waste. The prevention potentials appear to be relatively small in relation to the total municipal waste quantities. Methodological shortcomings, such as the missing availability of basic data, make it difficult to exactly estimate the impact of waste prevention measures on waste quantities, which is only one of the effects of waste prevention among other ecological, social and economic aspects.     

Household waste disposal in Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia

In many cities of developing countries, such as Mekelle (Ethiopia), waste management is poor and solid wastes are dumped along roadsides and into open areas, endangering health and attracting vermin. The effects of demographic factors, economic and social status, waste and environmental attributes on household solid waste disposal are investigated using data from household survey. Household level data are then analyzed using multinomial logit estimation to determine the factors that affect household waste disposal decision making. Results show that demographic features such as age, education and household size have an insignificant impact over the choice of alternative waste disposal means, whereas the supply of waste facilities significantly affects waste disposal choice. Inadequate supply of waste containers and longer distance to these containers increase the probability of waste dumping in open areas and roadsides relative to the use of communal containers. Higher household income decreases the probability of using open areas and roadsides as waste destinations relative to communal containers. Measures to make the process of waste disposal less costly and ensuring well functioning institutional waste management would improve proper waste disposal.     

Effectiveness of unit-based pricing of waste in the Netherlands: Applying a general equilibrium model

Differential and variable rates (DVR) in waste collection charging give a price incentive to households to reduce their waste and increase recycling. International empirical evidence confirms the effectiveness of DVR schemes, with limited unwanted side effects. In the Netherlands, currently some 20% of the population is charged at DVR. This is less than in several other countries. Taking into account differences between types of households and dwellings, this study analyses various scenarios for extended use of DVR in the Netherlands. The analysis shows that further penetration of DVR is a cost-effective instrument for waste reduction and more recycling. Moreover, DVR can itself be seen as a necessary condition for the successful implementation of other economic instruments, such as waste taxes. It is therefore recommended to stimulate municipalities to adopt DVR schemes in the Netherlands, accompanied by the provision of adequate facilities for waste separation by households. Before introducing DVR in ‘very strongly urbanized’ municipalities (i.e. the 12 largest cities in the Netherlands) a pilot experiment in one of them might be useful to test the behavioral response in this category.     

A review of municipal solid waste composition in the United Kingdom

The move from landfill-based to resource-based waste management systems requires a greater knowledge of the composition of municipal solid waste. This paper draws together the findings of municipal solid waste (MSW) compositional surveys undertaken in the United Kingdom. The results from recent surveys show a good agreement over the composition of household-collected waste, but less agreement over civic amenity site waste composition. There is insufficient data to allow comparisons of the commercial waste element of municipal waste or of the other components, and further work is necessary to produce more reliable estimates of the composition of these streams. The use of questionnaire surveys and analysis of the results suggests that the size and age profile of a household influence the generation of household-collected waste. Some research suggests that the waste container provided by the local authority and the socio-economic classification of a household also influence household-collected waste generation, but other studies failed to find this link. Further research is required to investigate this by surveying all of the waste disposal routes available to specific households.     

Characteristics and management of infectious industrial waste in Taiwan

Infectious industrial waste management in Taiwan is based on the specific waste production unit. In other countries, management is based simply on whether the producer may lead to infectious disease. Thus, Taiwan has a more detailed classification of infectious waste. The advantage of this classification is that it is easy to identify the sources, while the disadvantage lies in the fact that it is not flexible and hence increases cost. This study presents an overview of current management practices for handling infectious industrial waste in Taiwan, and addresses the current waste disposal methods. The number of small clinics in Taiwan increased from 18,183 to 18,877 between 2003 and 2005. Analysis of the data between 2003 and 2005 showed that the majority of medical waste was general industrial waste, which accounted for 76.9%-79.4% of total medical waste. Infectious industrial waste accounted for 19.3%-21.9% of total medical waste. After the SARS event in Taiwan, the amount of infectious waste reached 19,350 tons in 2004, an increase over the previous year of 4000 tons. Waste minimization was a common consideration for all types of waste treatment. In this study, we summarize the percentage of plastic waste in flammable infectious industrial waste generated by medical units, which, in Taiwan was about 30%. The EPA and Taiwan Department of Health have actively promoted different recycling and waste reduction measures. However, the wide adoption of disposable materials made recycling and waste reduction difficult for some hospitals. It has been suggested that enhancing the education of and promoting communication between medical units and recycling industries must be implemented to prevent recyclable waste from entering the incinerator.     

Waste collection in developing countries – Tackling occupational safety and health hazards at their source

Waste management procedures in developing countries are associated with occupational safety and health risks. Gastro-intestinal infections, respiratory and skin diseases as well as muscular-skeletal problems and cutting injuries are commonly found among waste workers around the globe. In order to find efficient, sustainable solutions to reduce occupational risks of waste workers, a methodological risk assessment has to be performed and counteractive measures have to be developed according to an internationally acknowledged hierarchy. From a case study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia suggestions for the transferral of collected household waste into roadside containers are given. With construction of ramps to dump collected household waste straight into roadside containers and an adaptation of pushcarts and collection procedures, the risk is tackled at the source.