城市生活垃圾分类体系建设实践及启示

生活垃圾分类处理是一个庞大的系统工程,由很多个子系统构成。在诸多的子系统中,我们需要将其中起主要作用的系统组合起来,有效推动生活垃圾分类有组织、有保障地进行。介绍了城市生活垃圾分类体系建设的基本内容和关键点,以及构建垃圾分类全流程体系的探索实践,从构建组织领导、长效管理和分类保障等3方面机制提出启示建议。     

德国城市生活垃圾管理现状及启示

德国是城市生活垃圾管理最为成功的国家之一。从德国垃圾处理的发展过程、法律法规框架、管理体系、管理措施及实施成果等方面介绍了德国城市生活垃圾的管理现状,从而为解决我国现有的城市垃圾管理问题提供管理思路和方法。     

上海市生活垃圾源头分类的瓶颈及对策思考

梳理了上海市生活垃圾分类减量的管理工作,就推进生活垃圾源头分类的瓶颈进行了阐述,并提出了促进生活垃圾分类减量的对策。     

生活垃圾分类减量现状与展望

以上海市为例总结了生活垃圾分类工作的发展历程,分析了生活垃圾分类减量工作的重要意义,对上海市2011年以来生活垃圾分类减量工作的目标、方法、存在问题等进行阐述,并提出了下一步加强生活垃圾分类减量工作的发展方向和对策措施。     

生活垃圾填埋场陈垃圾基本特性及再利用

填埋场已填埋陈垃圾具有丰富的资源,我国填埋量已达几千万吨.通过对上海老港生活垃圾填埋场6年填埋龄和10年填埋龄陈垃圾基本特性的测试研究,揭示出填埋6年以上的陈垃圾已具有相当稳定的性状,原始垃圾特征已完全消失,开挖后没有异味,在组成上除部分大颗粒无机物和大块难降解有机物外,其余部分已腐化为类土壤物质,可以开采再利用.陈垃圾中类土壤部分在物理化学性质、水力学和微生物学性质上均表现出在自然条件下难以形成的、极为优良的基质特征,可用作污染物生物处理基质或作物培育基质.     

广州市生活垃圾分类收集跟踪调查及分析

通过对广州市八个生活垃圾分类收集示范点的调研,指出了当前推广垃圾分类收集工作中尚存在的问题,并提出解决的对策.     

上海市生活垃圾产业发展的思考

以构建生活垃圾产业为研究目的,通过对生活垃圾物质流和价值流的分析,探讨了生活垃圾产业发展的条件,提出了上海市生活垃圾产业构建的基本框架,并对上海生活垃圾产业的发展提出了对策及建议.     

浅析城市生活垃圾分类回收

城市生活垃圾分类回收有别于混合收集,是垃圾收集的一种新趋势.结合我国垃圾的特点,阐明了当前垃圾分类收集的现状,并指出了我国垃圾分类回收的意义;根据当前垃圾收集存在的问题,提出了一些具体化的对策.通过垃圾的分类回收,减少了垃圾的最终处置量,提高垃圾资源化率.     

创新城乡生活垃圾源头分类管理模式试点工作思路

生活垃圾处理是个系统工程,涉及到前端分类、分类收集、分类运输和分类处理整个系统工程的4个主要环节,这其中的前端分类是最薄弱环节.概述了全国生活垃圾分类收集试点城市仍然存在的带有普遍性的亟待创新管理模式的问题及对策;提出了试点采用创新型BOT模式与绿色债券相结合的有利于生活垃圾分类处理的建议;简述了编制试点项目实施方案的...     

瑞典生活垃圾处理方式及效果分析

生活垃圾分类回收管理措施正在我国各大城市全面实施.通过对瑞典生活垃圾层级管理和4种处理方式的介绍,对瑞典垃圾回收再利用效果进行分析,为我国推进生活垃圾分类回收再利用工作,提供可借鉴经验和参考.     

火电厂离子交换树脂再生废水处理及减排

针对火电厂离子交换树脂再生废水中和处理过程中遇到的问题,探讨影响中和处理的因素,并提出减少火电厂离子交换树脂再生废水排放的措施.     

燃煤烟气中SO3成因、影响及其减排对策

煤燃烧过程中产生的SO3不仅造成了酸性烟雾,而且排放时会形成蓝色或黄色烟羽,增加了烟囱排放的烟羽浊度,破环了景观。近年来,火电厂烟囱常见的蓝烟/黄烟现象给周边大气环境带来一定的影响。针对部分燃煤电厂在脱硫、脱硝装置投运后,出现蓝烟/黄烟现象进行了研究,并提出了可供选择的控制对策和建议。     

Landfill reduction experience in The Netherlands

Modern waste legislation aims at resource efficiency and landfill reduction. This paper analyses more than 20 years of landfill reduction in the Netherlands. The combination of landfill regulations, landfill tax and landfill bans resulted in the desired landfill reduction, but also had negative effects. A fierce competition developed over the remaining waste to be landfilled. In 2013 the Dutch landfill industry generated €40 million of annual revenue, had €58 million annual costs and therefore incurred an annual loss of €18 million. It is not an attractive option to prematurely end business. There is a risk that Dutch landfill operators will not be able to fulfil the financial obligations for closure and aftercare. Contrary to the polluter pays principle the burden may end up with society. EU regulations prohibiting export of waste for disposal are in place. Strong differentials in landfill tax rate between nations have nevertheless resulted in transboundary shipment of waste and in non-compliance with the self-sufficiency and proximity principles. During the transformation from a disposal society to a recycling society, it is important to carefully plan required capacity and to guide the reorganisation of the landfill sector. At some point, it is no longer profitable to provide landfill services. It may be necessary for public organisations or the state to take responsibility for the continued operation of a ‘safety net’ in waste management. Regulations have created a financial incentive to pass on the burden of monitoring and controlling the impact of waste to future generations. To prevent this, it is necessary to revise regulations on aftercare and create incentives to actively stabilise landfills.     

浙江省火电厂脱硫旁路开启现状及取消对策

介绍了浙江省火电厂应对旁路铅封采取的措施,比对了铅封前后旁路开启的情况和造成的影响,对造成旁路开启的原因进行了分析,提出了实施取消旁路应关注的要点。     

E-waste issues and measures in the Philippines

The continuous dependence on electronic equipment at home and in the workplace has given rise to a new environmental challenge: electronic waste. Electronic waste, or e-waste, refers to electronic products that no longer satisfy the needs of the initial purchaser. These can include a wide variety of goods, such as computers, cellular phones, TVs, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and video cameras. These pieces of equipment contain hazardous materials such as lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium, and chromium that pose both an occupational and environmental health threat. Although electronic equipment is considered safe during use, the potential for release of the toxic constituents increases during storage or disposal. Because of the growing number of discarded electronic devices resulting from rapid product obsolescence, this type of waste is an emerging concern among developing countries. This study estimates the current and future quantity of e-waste in the Philippines, with a focus on televisions, refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and radios. Data from the National Statistics Office (NSO) serve as the input to a simple end-of-life model for each type of electronic device. Mathematical equations are derived incorporating other factors, such as the number of electronic devices in use, current end-of-life management practices, serviceable years of the product, and disposal behavior of consumers. An accurate estimation of e-waste generation would be useful in policy making as well as in designing an effective management scheme to avoid the potential threats of health impacts or environmental pollution. Preliminary estimates show that at the end of 2005, approximately 2.7 million units became obsolete and about 1.8 million units required landfilling. Over a 10-year period from 1995 to 2005, approximately 25 million units became obsolete. An additional 14 million units are projected to become obsolete in the next 5 years.     

A dynamic model for assessing the effects of management strategies on the reduction of construction and demolition waste

During the past few decades, construction and demolition (C&D) waste has received increasing attention from construction practitioners and researchers worldwide. A plethora of research regarding C&D waste management has been published in various academic journals. However, it has been determined that existing studies with respect to C&D waste reduction are mainly carried out from a static perspective, without considering the dynamic and interdependent nature of the whole waste reduction system. This might lead to misunderstanding about the actual effect of implementing any waste reduction strategies. Therefore, this research proposes a model that can serve as a decision support tool for projecting C&D waste reduction in line with the waste management situation of a given construction project, and more importantly, as a platform for simulating effects of various management strategies on C&D waste reduction. The research is conducted using system dynamics methodology, which is a systematic approach that deals with the complexity - interrelationships and dynamics - of any social, economic and managerial system. The dynamic model integrates major variables that affect C&D waste reduction. In this paper, seven causal loop diagrams that can deepen understanding about the feedback relationships underlying C&D waste reduction system are firstly presented. Then a stock-flow diagram is formulated by using software for system dynamics modeling. Finally, a case study is used to illustrate the validation and application of the proposed model. Results of the case study not only built confidence in the model so that it can be used for quantitative analysis, but also assessed and compared the effect of three designed policy scenarios on C&D waste reduction. One major contribution of this study is the development of a dynamic model for evaluating C&D waste reduction strategies under various scenarios, so that best management strategies could be identified before being implemented in practice.     

600 MW火电直接空冷风机的噪声及降噪措施

在国内首次提出600MW火电机组直接空冷风机的噪声问题，讨论了风机的功能，与空冷凝汽器的匹配，风机的能耗，从风机产生的噪声及其性质，噪声与风机参数的关系，噪声计算，噪声分析，噪声评价以及降噪措施等方面进行了论述，并从运行人员接触噪声源时间短的实际出发，提出建议的噪声允许值。     

Waste reduction through variable charging programs: its sustainability and contributing factors

 In this study, we analyzed the sustainability and determinant factors of waste reduction through variable charging schemes. We drew three main conclusions from the study. (1) Waste reduction was achieved by variable charging and was sustained over an average of at least 10 years. The results regarding the sustainability of the price effect were inconclusive. (2) The main factors contributing to the combustible waste reduction achieved through variable charging were two-tier pricing and the price of waste bags. The effect of two-tier pricing programs was positive. (3) Waste paper recycling and variable charging reinforce each other to promote waste reduction. Received: September 3, 2001 / Accepted: January 13, 2002     

Household food waste separation behavior and the importance of convenience

Two different strategies aiming at increasing household source-separation of food waste were assessed through a case-study in a Swedish residential area (a) use of written information, distributed as leaflets amongst households and (b) installation of equipment for source-segregation of waste with the aim of increasing convenience food waste sorting in kitchens. Weightings of separately collected food waste before and after distribution of written information suggest that this resulted in neither a significant increased amount of separately collected food waste, nor an increased source-separation ratio. After installation of sorting equipment in households, both the amount of separately collected food waste as well as the source-separation ratio increased vastly. Long-term monitoring shows that results where longstanding. Results emphasize the importance of convenience and existence of infrastructure necessary for source-segregation of waste as important factors for household waste recycling, but also highlight the need of addressing these aspects where waste is generated, i.e. already inside the household.