预臭氧与后臭氧-生物活性炭联用工艺研究

利用静态批量和动态连续试验初步研究了预臭氧及预臭氧与后臭氧-BAC组合工艺对南方某含溴离子水库水的处理效果和相应的处理条件.静态实验结果表明,预臭氧反应量在0.5～1.0mg/L范围内,在有效去除消毒副产物(DBPFP,主要包括THMFP和HAAFP)的同时,臭氧副产物溴酸可以控制在10μg/L以下,而继续增加臭氧反应量则会导致DBPFP的增加.当水中溴离子浓度达到96μg/L时,使用臭氧必须采取溴酸控制措施.连续动态实验结果表明,预臭氧与臭氧-生物活性炭组合工艺对于2μm以上颗粒物、COD_Mn、TOC等的去除均有明显的效果,可以进一步抑制DBPs的形成.     

控制消毒副产物及前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现对消毒副产物的控制,比较了新开发的顺序氯化消毒工艺与传统氯消毒工艺在常规工艺、常规+深度处理工艺、预氧化+常规+深度处理工艺中对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.与传统的氯消毒相比,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以有效减少消毒副产物的生成量,THMs减少35.8%～77·0%,HAAs减少36·6%～54·8%;而且消毒进水水质越差,短时游离氯后转氯胺的消毒工艺就越有优势.对最简单的传统工艺进行顺序氯化消毒产生THMs和HAAs为18·51μg/L和19·25μg/L,低于采用最复杂工艺:预臭氧氧化+常规+臭氧-活性炭工艺进行传统氯消毒的副产物生成量(THMs19·40μg/L,HAAs24·70μg/L).对消毒副产物前体物去除和副产物控制有明显效果的前处理工艺是臭氧-活性炭工艺和预臭氧氧化.建议采用传统工艺的水厂改造时优先考虑顺序氯化消毒工艺和臭氧-活性炭工艺.     

臭氧-生物活性炭组合工艺中最佳臭氧投加剂量的确定

在水处理过程中投加臭氧,可提高饮用水的可生物降解性.臭氧氧化后继的生物过滤,可以减少水中可生物降解有机物数量,提高饮用水的生物稳定性.试验表明,臭氧投加量2～8mg/L可使AOC-P17,AOC-NOX和BDOC分别增加20.9%～85.5%,42.1%～158.2%和21.4%～84.4%.臭氧投加量为3mg/L时,AOC和BDOC增加得最多,即3mg/L的臭氧投量为最佳投加剂量.生物活性炭滤柱(BAC)出水AOC浓度(乙酸碳)均低于50μg/L,在35.9～46.6μg/L之间,属于生物稳定性水质.     

净水工艺对饮用水生物稳定性控制的研究

利用现场中试装置,系统比较了预处理单元、常规处理单元及深度处理单元中可生物降解有机物BDOC和AOC的生成和去除特性.结果表明:常规工艺+活性炭过滤对CODMn的去除率仅能达到30%,无法有效保证出水水质要求,而常规工艺+臭氧活性炭可以很好地满足水质标准,去除率可达50%以上.以控制生物稳定性为目的时,氧化剂的投加会增加AOC和BDOC浓度,降低生物稳定性.不投加氧化剂,直接采用常规工艺+普通活性炭过滤可将出水AOC含量控制在50μg/L以下.但要实现对COD_Mn和生物稳定性的同时控制,常规工艺+臭氧+生物活性炭的工艺组合是本研究中的最佳工艺组合.     

受污染原水中有机物去除中试集成系统的工艺对比研究

在中试集成系统水平上对比研究了常规工艺、预臭氧化工艺、粒状活性炭吸附工艺、臭氧-生物活性炭工艺对受污染源水中的有机物及消毒副产物前体的去除效果.结果表明,前2种工艺对有机物的去除效能大致在50%～60%,后2种则能达到75%～90%.与前2种相比,后2种为更有效地去除受污染原水中有机物的方法.建议采用Ⅱ类及更优水体为水源的水厂考虑使用常规处理或季节性水质变化时采用预氧化工艺;而对于那些以Ⅲ类或更差水体为主水源的水厂则应考虑增设GAC或BAC设备,以满足饮用水水质新标准要求.     

气相-质谱直接测定三氯乙醛及前体物调查

气相色谱-质谱联用直接测定水体中三氯乙醛可以避免衍生化方法中存在的其他消毒副产物的干扰,同时可以避免气相色谱单独使用时的假阳性现象。R~2=0.999,在0.5～50μg/L时线性好,相对标准偏差为2.26%～5.07%,回收率为98.71%～104.86%,检测限为0.21μg/L。调查了水厂各工艺段对三氯乙醛前体物的去除,预臭氧、砂滤池、活性炭滤池对三氯乙醛前体物去除率分别为36.38%、26.29%和31.56%,后臭氧增加了三氯乙醛生成势,但在后续活性炭环节得到控制,整套工艺可以有效去除三氯乙醛前体物。溶解性有机碳与三氯乙醛生成势具有很好的相关性(R~2=0.80)。     

混凝-臭氧-曝气生物滤池处理港口洗舱废水的中试研究

根据船舶清洗废水水质变化大,成分复杂,生物毒性高的特点,提出了混凝-臭氧氧化-曝气生物滤池(BAF)的组合工艺.该组合工艺的关键是采用臭氧进行氧化处理,去除色度和部分有机物,并且提高废水的可生化性,再通过后续的BAF工艺去除大部分有机物.中试结果表明,在原水CODCr为2 000～3 500 mg/L的情况下,最终出水的CODCr低于300 mg/L,能有效处理此类有机物浓度高,水质变化复杂的洗舱废水.     

河道水深度除磷试验研究

对滇池入湖河道水深度除磷处理进行了试验研究,结果表明,使用化学的方法,可以使河道水中的总磷浓度控制在地表水类水标准(TP≤0.05mg/L)以下,从而可以通过对入湖河道水进行深度除磷处理,大幅度去除入湖总磷量而达到控制湖泊富营养化发生的目的。在深度除磷的同时还可去除20%～50%的有机物、氮等其他污染物,有利于河道水质的改善。     

混凝-异相Fenton工艺处理渗沥液纳滤浓缩液研究

通过混凝-异相Fenton组合工艺对高有机物含量的垃圾渗沥液纳滤浓缩液进行试验研究.考察不同处理工况对纳滤浓缩液有机物去除效果的影响.并通过正交试验得出组合工艺的最优工况,分析最优工况下出水达标的可行性.对组合工艺在反应过程中溶解性有机质及氮污染物含量的变化情况进行探讨.并分析了组合工艺的药剂投加成本.结果表明:组合工艺对COD去除的最优处理工况为:PFS投加量为6g/L,混凝初始pH值为7,PAM投加量为25mg/L、H₂O₂与COD质量比为10,Fenton反应初始pH值为4,催化剂与COD质量比为16.在最优工况下COD去除率为98.62%.经组合工艺处理后出水水质可实现达标排放.在反应过程中,混凝单元能够降低异相Fenton单元的处理负荷并保证了组合工艺出水中TN和NH₄⁺-N的达标排放,组合工艺对浓缩液中HA、FA与TON的去除率分别为93.54%、86.80%与83.98%.异相Fenton单元对混凝过程中去除效果稍差的HyI进一步氧化分解而实现COD出水达标,其去除率为86.02%.在...     

生物流化床A/O2工艺处理焦化废水过程中有机组分的GC/MS分析

在自行设计的2000m3·d-1规模的生物流化床A/O2工艺中,以实际焦化废水为研究对象,采用GC/MS法分析各单元工艺的有机物组分,解析了污染物的降解规律.结果发现,焦化废水中酚类物质占有机物总量的90%以上;厌氧阶段对废水COD的去除率为10%～15%,主要为大分子复杂有机物分解为有机酸、有机醇类,此过程使废水BOD/COD值由0.30提高到0.45;一级好氧阶段可去除大部分的酚、胺、喹啉、吡啶、呋喃、吲哚、萘等组分,COD的去除率达到65%～70%;二级好氧阶段的COD去除率为40%～50%.间甲苯酚、哌嗪、哌啶、长链烃类、苯类等在生物处理出水中可被检出,属于难降解成分,有必要对其进行深度处理.采用TTC脱氢酶法测试了不同工艺段废水对酶活的影响,在相同的TOC浓度时,厌氧出水和一级好氧出水的酶活达26～29μg·h-1,滤池出水的酶活为几个工艺段水质的最低值7.02μg·h-1,显示其中可被微生物利用的有机物急剧减少.     

铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺除As(V)的比较研究

选择FeCl₃和Al₂(SO₄)₃作混凝剂,采用小试规模的混凝微滤膜反应器比较了铁盐和铝盐混凝微滤工艺的除As(V)效果、相关性能指标及适用范围.结果发现,Fe³⁺投加量为4 mg/L、Al₂(SO₄)₃投加量为50 mg/L时,铁盐和铝盐工艺的除As(V)效果大致相当,均可使水中As(V)的浓度从100 μg/L左右降低到10 μg/L以下,最低为1.68 μg/L.出水浊度均小于0.1 NTU,出水中铁、铝和SO^2-₄浓度均符合饮用水标准.铁盐工艺出水pH值比原水大约高0.5,铝盐工艺处理前后水的pH值基本不变.反应器运行结束静沉24 h后,铁盐工艺浓缩比为1 791,是铝盐工艺的2.54倍,污泥中As(V)的含量也大大高于铝盐工艺,去除同等重量的As(V)所产生的污泥量较铝盐工艺少得多.因此,对于仅有砷超标的饮用水,应优先考虑铁盐工艺.按除氟所需混凝剂数量投加Al₂(SO₄)₃,铝盐工艺即可在去除As(V)的同时去除氟,铁盐工艺则不能去除氟.因此,对于砷和氟均超标的饮用水,可采用铝盐工艺同时去除砷和氟.     

PAFC-PDM复合混凝剂强化混凝去除水库源水中的藻类

将聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)与聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)复合制备了新型复合混凝剂PAFC–PDMDAAC (PAFC-PDM),对含藻的水库原水进行强化混凝处理研究.研究对比了PAFC-PDM,PAFC与预氯化工艺的除藻效果,并对其混凝除藻机理进行了初步探讨.结果表明,对于藻细胞数为7.98×106~1.17×107cells/L和浊度为2.56~3.59NTU的水库原水,当PAFC-PDM投加量为1.0mg/L时(以Al2O3计),藻类和浊度的去除率分别达到93.5%和81.7%,显著优于PAFC的混凝处理效果;对藻细胞进行扫描电镜和预氯化副产物分析表明,预氯化杀藻除藻方法,不仅破坏了藻细胞结构,而且产生了三卤甲烷类氯化消毒副产物,影响饮水水质;采用PAFC-PDM强化混凝工艺除藻,不破坏藻细胞,无消毒副产物.     

SSF净化技术处理含油污水

SSF净化(suspended sludge filtration)是一种新兴的污水处理技术,其在处理量为1.8×104m3/d大型污水处理站的首次应用中,取得了较好的效果,可达到ρ(油)≤10 mg/L、ρ(SS)≤15 mg/L的指标,克服了常规流程二次沉降罐沉降分离效果差、处理效率低等问题。SSF净化装置投加混凝剂65.00 mg/L、助凝剂0.84 mg/L,药剂成本约0.31元/m3。该工艺流程短、运行成本低、投资省,适用于来水水量水质相对稳定的污水处理站。     

Spatial variations of aluminum species in drinking water supplies in Xi’an studied applying geographic information system

This article aimed to investigate the variation of aluminum species and the effects of coagulant type and water quality on aluminum speciation in drinking water.Statistical analysis showed that the concentration of total aluminum(AlT) of drinking water in Xi'an ranged from 0.051 to 0.417 mg/L and the concentration of AlT in about 24.7% studied samples was higher than the currently recommended value(0.2 mg/L).The areas fed by surface water plants had a larger portion(39.4%) of samples over the recommended value.In drinking water treated by alum coagulant,the average concentration of monomeric aluminum(Ala) was higher than that in water treated by poly aluminum chlorine(PACl) and poly aluminum ferric chloride(PAFC).The average concentrations of polynuclear aluminum(Alb) and colloidal/suspended aluminum(Alc) in the drinking water treated by alum were lower than those in water treated by PACl and PAFC.There was a notable decrease in AlT along with the delivery pipeline away from the plants,with an average decline of about 36 μg/(L·km).Besides coagulant type,water quality also could afflect aluminum speciation.In drinking water without orthophosphate,the concentrations of Ala and AlT were positively correlated with pH;while,in drinking water with orthophosphate,the concentrations of Ala and AlT were negatively correlated with pH.The addition of orthophosphate salts in the drinking water treatment process would be an effective method for aluminum control in pH range 6.5-8.2.     

油田化学添加剂对污水处理系统腐蚀行为的影响

目的明确净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂、缓蚀剂对污水处理系统腐蚀行为的作用效果。方法通过工艺流程分析、腐蚀形貌观察、腐蚀产物成分分析、腐蚀失重测试等手段,分析污水处理系统腐蚀原因,考察油田化学添加剂对SSF污水处理系统腐蚀行为的影响。结果输送介质中溶解的二氧化碳、高浓度氯离子、氧是导致SSF净化装置内腐蚀的主要原因。分别添加质量浓度为150、0.3、60 mg/L的净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂后,动态腐蚀速率可从1.8544 mm/a降到0.6674、0.8627、0.3530 mm/a,静态腐蚀速率可从1.2515 mm/a降到0.9565、0.9474、0.6256 mm/a。添加160 mg/L缓蚀剂,动态腐蚀速率从1.8544 mm/a降低到0.0822 mm/a,静态腐蚀速率从1.2515 mm/a降低到0.0238 mm/a。同时添加净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂三种药剂,动态腐蚀速率为0.7672 mm/a,静态腐蚀速率为0.8742 mm/a;同时添加净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂、缓蚀剂四种药剂,动态腐蚀速率为0.3069 mm/a,静态腐蚀速率为0.0263 mm/a。结论添加缓蚀剂能有效控制SSF污水处理系统内腐蚀。污水处理用净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂对腐蚀有一定抑制作用。在动态条件下,净水剂、絮凝剂、助凝剂降低了缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果,在静态条件下,三种添加剂对缓蚀剂的缓蚀效果影响较小。     

高锰酸钾强化PAC混凝处理温瑞塘河黑臭水体试验研究

以浙江省温州市温瑞塘河某河段黑臭地表水为研究对象,考察高锰酸钾强化PAC混凝工艺的除污效能,获得处理温瑞塘河黑臭水体的最佳工艺条件,为恢复河流水体生态自净功能提供基础。试验结果表明,高锰酸钾的最优投加方式为在混凝剂PAC前投加,最佳预氧化时间5 min,最佳投加量1.5 mg/L。将本实验得出的最优混凝处理条件应用于温瑞塘河实际黑臭水体的处理时发现,处理后水质明显改善,此表明高锰酸钾强化混凝应急处理温瑞塘河黑臭水体是切实可行的,可为实际的应急处理工艺提供了理论依据和技术指导。     

Interference of iron as a coagulant on MIB removal by powdered activated carbon adsorption for low turbidity waters

Powered activated carbon (PAC) is widely used in water treatment plants to minimize odors in drinking water. This study investigated the removal of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) by PAC adsorption, combined with coagulation using iron as a coagulant. The adsorption and coagulation process were studied through different case scenarios of jar tests. The analysis evaluated the effect of PAC dosing in the liquid phase immediately before or after the coagulant addition. Ferric sulphate was used as the coagulant with dosages from 10 to 30 mg/L, and PAC dosages varied from 10 to 40 mg/L. The highest MIB removal efficiency (about 70%) was achieved without the coagulant addition and with the highest PAC dosage (40 mg/L). Lower MIB removal efficiencies were observed in the presence of coagulant, showing a clear interference of the iron precipitate or coagulant in the adsorption process. The degree of interference of the coagulation process in the MIB removal was proportional to the ratio of ferric hydroxide mass to the PAC mass. For both cases of PAC dosing, upstream and downstream of the coagulant injection point, the MIB removal efficiency was similar. However, MIB removal efficiency was 15% lower when compared with experiments without the coagulant application. This interference in the MIB adsorption occurs potentially because the coagulant coats the surface of the carbon and interferes with the MIB coming in contact with the carbon’s surface and pores. This constraint requires an increase of the PAC dosage to provide the same efficiency observed without coagulation.     

Optimisation of chemical purification conditions for direct application of solid metal salt coagulants: Treatment of peatland-derived diffuse runoff

The drainage of peatland areas for peat extraction,agriculture or bioenergy requires affordable,simple and reliable treatment methods that can purify waters rich in particulates and dissolved organic carbon.This work focused on the optimisation of chemical purification process for the direct dosage of solid metal salt coagulants.It investigated process requirements of solid coagulants and the influence of water quality,temperature and process parameters on their performance.This is the first attempt to provide information on specific process requirements of solid coagulants.Three solid inorganic coagulants were evaluated:aluminium sulphate,ferric sulphate and ferric aluminium sulphate.Pre-dissolved aluminium and ferric sulphate were also tested with the objective of identifying the effects of in-line coagulant dissolution on purification performance.It was determined that the pre-dissolution of the coagulants had a significant effect on coagulant performance and process requirements.Highest purification levels achieved by solid coagulants,even at 30% higher dosages,were generally lower(5%-30%) than those achieved by pre-dissolved coagulants.Furthermore,the mixing requirements of coagulants pre-dissolved prior to addition differed substantially from those of solid coagulants.The pH of the water samples being purified had a major influence on coagulant dosage and purification efficiency.Ferric sulphate(70 mg/L) was found to be the best performing solid coagulant achieving the following load removals:suspended solids(59%-88%),total organic carbon(56%-62%),total phosphorus(87%-90%),phosphate phosphorus(85%-92%) and total nitrogen(33%-44%).The results show that the use of solid coagulants is a viable option for the treatment of peatland-derived runoff water if solid coagulant-specific process requirements,such as mixing and settling time,are considered.     

UV/微曝气联用工艺对内分泌干扰物BP的去除效果和影响因素

采用新型工艺UV/微曝气对水中内分泌干扰物4-叔丁基苯酚（BP）进行降解研究.结果表明,UV/微曝气是一种高级氧化法,可以有效去除水中BP;UV/微曝气联用工艺降解BP受本底TOC值、BP初始浓度值、UV光强以及溶液初始pH影响较大.随着TOC值的降低,BP降解速率k₁迅速增加;随着光强的增大,BP的降解速率呈线性增长;在189～410 μg/L浓度范围内,k₁随着BP浓度的增大而逐步增大,在410～971 μg/L浓度的范围内,k₁随着浓度的增大而逐步降低;pH 2.77～4.01范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较大,pH 4.70～8.16范围内UV/微曝气对BP降解速率较低.     

基于紫外光谱分析的腐殖质混凝控制

腐殖质是水溶性天然有机物(DOM)的主要成分,对水处理过程有重要影响.为探究利用紫外光谱分析实现饮用水处理在线混凝控制的可行性和理论基础,以含腐殖酸和高岭土配水为实验对象,通过烧杯实验考察了不同水质条件对PACl混凝剂最佳投加量的影响,研究了SUVA_(254)和光谱特征斜率与混凝效果的相关性,利用排阻色谱分析了紫外光谱斜率与水体有机物组分之间的关系.结果表明,混凝剂最佳投加量与DOM浓度呈正比关系,两者计量学关系(以Al/DOC计)为0.61mg·mg~(-1).随混凝剂投加量的增加,腐殖酸溶液的SUVA_(254)从8.9 L·(mg·m)~(-1)下降并稳定至2.0 L·(mg·m)~(-1),有机物去除率与SUVA_(254)值呈正相关.光谱斜率与SUVA_(254)的变化趋势一致,且S_(275~295)与SUVA_(254)线性相关最优(R2=0.81).排阻色谱结果表明,混凝优先去除DOM中的腐殖质组分,S275~295与有机物中腐殖质组分对总UVA_(254)的占比存在明显的线性相关,光谱斜率测定对实现饮用水混凝过程的控制有重要意义.