内置渗透墙型生态塘处理农村生活污水的研究

通过在传统的生态塘中增设了一道活性渗透墙而改造成的内置渗透墙型生态塘。结果表明,内置渗透墙型生态塘对生活污水具有良好的处理效果,在水力负荷为0．05～0．1m^3／m^2·d之间时,即水力停留时间在10d～20d时,它对COD的去除率在60％以上,对TN的去除率在50％以上,对TP的去除率在75％以上。大大减轻了后序工艺的负担,减少了后序处理设施。从而缩小了整个生态塘系统的占地面积,节省了基建投资,是一种高效的适合农村生活污水处理的技术。     

曝气稳定塘处理农村生活污水曝气控制条件研究

通过试验研究曝气稳定塘处理农村生活污水水力停留时间、曝气过程中塘内溶解氧和污泥浓度分布以及不同曝气周期对处理效果影响等问题,以期获得较好的处理效果和经济的能耗.结果表明,本试验曝气稳定塘条件下,4 d为本曝气稳定塘的最佳水力停留时间,间歇运行中曝气时间应该大于15 min,曝气稳定塘中各点在2～10 min内污泥浓度可逐渐达到平稳,各污染物去除效果最好的曝气周期为0.5 h曝气/1.0 h停气.     

人工湿地+生态塘处理农村生活污水工程实例

"人工湿地+生态塘"系统是一种投资少、建设运营成本低、工艺简单的新生态处理系统。采用人工湿地+生态塘工艺处理农村生活污水,监测数据表明该工艺成熟可靠,去除N、P能力强,出水各污染指标均能达排放要求,证明该工艺是一种适合农村污水处理的新型工艺,适合在农村推广应用。     

东营市城市生活污水生态处理工艺

根据东营污水处理厂生态塘处理城市污水的运行实践，介绍了生态塘处理城市污水的工艺特点、运行效果及可靠性，分析了生态塘系统，并总结了运行经验。     

高效藻类塘对农村生活污水的处理及氮的迁移转化

研究了高效藻类塘系统处理高氮农村污水氮的去除及其迁移转化规律.高效藻类塘和水生高等植物塘水力停留时间分别为8 d和4 d,进水总氮和氩氮分别为17.13-133.2 mg/L和1.85～108.3 mg/L,两级高效藻类塘对总氮和氨氮的全年平均去除效率分别为29.4%和91.6%,季节处理效率排序为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季.高效藻类塘中氨氮的降解和转化途径依次为硝化作用、藻类同化吸收及其他途径、氨氮挥发;硝化作用占氨氮总转化量的50%以上;高效藻类塘内可以发生氨氮沉淀,但可忽略不计.总氮的去除以藻类同化形成颗粒有机氮经分离后得以去除为主,氨氮挥发较少.可采用藻类塘出水回流至化粪池或改进水生高等植物塘构造强化反硝化.提高系统的整体脱氮效果.     

洱海流域生态塘湿地氮截留特征及其影响因素

为考察生态塘湿地对农村面源污染水体氮截留效果及其影响因素,以洱海子流域生态塘湿地为例,对其基本设计参数和水质进行调查分析,评估生态塘湿地对氮的截留效果,识别不同形态氮在湿地中的迁移转化特征,剖析生态塘湿地中氮截留的主控因子.结果表明:①污水经生态塘湿地净化处理后,出水水质显著改善.出水氮达GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准的比例为37.5%. ②Spearman相关分析表明,湿地净化效率与湿地氮输入密切相关,生态塘湿地可以有效实现氮的截留,η（TN）（η为去除率）分别与ρ（NH₄+-N）（R=0.226,n=84）、ρ（TN）（R=0.215,n=84）呈显著正相关,与ρ（NO₃--N）（R=-0.201,n=84）相关性不强,硝酸盐氮截留是其效率提高的主要制约因素. ③丰水期、枯水期高低水位交替运行有助于氮截留效率的稳定,枯水期生态塘几乎可以截蓄汇水分区内全部农村面源污水,实现污水的收集消纳及净化.丰水期和枯水期平均η（NH₄+-N）分别为57.72%和55.30%;平均η（NO₃--N）分别为49.45%和46.73%;平均η（TN）分别为54.41%和54.20%. ④单因素分析法有助于识别影响湿地氮净化效率的主控因子.研究显示,当生态塘湿地面积（< 8 000 m2）、库容（< 15 000 m3）、水深（< 2.0 m）在一定范围内时,氮净化效率与面积、库容、水深响应关系不显著,但合适的水深（< 0.4 m和>1.5 m）有利于氮的截留.      

齐齐哈尔氧化塘改造后净化功能的研究

齐齐哈尔氧化塘是我国北方地区采用氧化塘技术处理城市混合污水的示范工程,现日处理城市混合污水25万吨.本文根据近几年的现场监测数据,分析氧化塘(厌氧塘、兼性塘、生态塘)在冬季和夏季处理城市混合污水的体积负荷、面积负荷和COD、BOD_5、SS在各塘的去除率,推导出COD、BOD_5、SS随距离降解的数学模型和BOD_5与COD的相关模型及这两项指标与温度变化的相关模型;对氧化塘中浮游生物体的群落结构及在氧化塘中的变化规律也进行了研究.与改造前对比,改造后的氧化塘处理城市混合污水的能力明显提高;其面积负荷和体积负荷均为厌氧塘>兼性塘>生态塘,冬季(冰封期),厌氧塘和兼性塘仍有一定的净化作用;COD、BOD_5、SS随距离呈e指数下降;为我国北方地区应用氧化塘技术处理城市混合污水提供了参数.     

高效藻类塘系统处理农村污水脱氮除磷及其强化研究

研究了高效藻类塘系统处理太湖地区农村污水脱氮除磷效果及其强化措施。高效藻类塘和水生生物塘HRT分别为8d和4d,出水溶解CODCr的浓度低于100mg/L。高效藻类塘系统的总氮和氨氮的全年平均去除率分别为46.6%和90.4%。两级高效藻类塘内氨氮的去除途径主要包括生物同化、氨氮的挥发和硝化作用等,其中硝化作用为主导作用;水生生物塘去除总氮的主要途径为颗粒有机氮的沉淀去除和硝态氮的反硝化。出水总磷浓度全年平均值为3.33mg/L,高效藻类塘系统的脱氮除磷能力欠佳。通过降低水生生物塘内水深、采用废弃石膏作为填料构建了新型复合水生生物塘,HRT=1.6d条件下,复合水生生物塘出水总氮和总磷可分别保持在5mg/L左右和<1mg/L,可达到GB18918-2002一级B排放标准。     

农村生活污水土地处理技术研究进展

土地处理技术具有造价低,结构简单,运行维护方便,处理效果好等优点,比较适合农村生活污水处理。土地渗滤处理系统、地沟污水处理系统、稳定塘系统、人工湿地4种土地处理技术在我国许多地方得到了很好的应用。针对土地处理工艺存在的占地面积大、容易产生堵塞、系统的复氧等问题提出了建议。     

农村生活污水土地处理技术研究进展

土地处理技术具有造价低,结构简单,运行维护方便,处理效果好等优点,比较适合农村生活污水处理。土地渗滤处理系统、地沟污水处理系统、稳定塘系统、人工湿地4种土地处理技术在我国许多地方得到了很好的应用。针对土地处理工艺存在的占地面积大、容易产生堵塞、系统的复氧等问题提出了建议。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.