类脂/醋酸纤维素复合吸附材料的制备与性能

采用相转化法将类脂包埋到醋酸纤维素(CA)中,制备出了具有对水中低剂量亲脂性有机污染物高效吸附去除的平板膜.以扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料的结构形貌和表面特征.利用机械搅拌方式和超声方式对类脂进行分散的实验表明,超声对类脂的均匀分散具有强化作用.同时考察了铸膜温度(室温、0℃)对类脂分散的效果,表明低温有助于形成小的脂滴.另外,通过复合膜的红外谱图证实,类脂和CA属于物理混合,不会改变类脂的分子结构,从而不会影响类脂对亲脂性有机污染物的吸附性能.通过荧光分析法分析复合膜在正己烷溶剂中的稳定情况,表明类脂已被完好地包埋到膜中,因而在去除有机污染物的过程中不会从复合膜中渗出.     

Science and policy dilemmas in the management of agricultural waste waters: the case of the Salton Sea,CA, USA

The Salton Sea in California, a repository for agricultural drainage water and sewage effluent from the United States and Mexico, is increasing in salinity and may soon be too saline to support fish and other elements of the present food chain. Massive fish kills and bird die-offs in recent years have led to a perception that this is an ecosystem in trouble, and an initiative to restore the Salton Sea is underway. Engineering proposals to stabilize the salinity and volume of the Salton Sea could cost a billion dollars or more to install and ten million dollars per year or more to operate, and could adversely affect adjacent ecosystems, with no certainty that the problems of the sea would be remedied. On the other hand, allowing salinity to increase will likely lead to a dramatic change in the species composition of the sea over the next two decades. We consider the possible ecological consequences of allowing salinity to increase in the Salton Sea to levels similar to other salt lakes in the region. We also consider the possible adverse ecological affects of engineering proposals which would discharge contaminated Salton Sea water into the Gulf of California or divert excess Colorado River water that now flows to the Colorado River delta to the Salton Sea. We consider the benefits of an alternative proposal, which would handle the problem within the Salton Basin by installing designed wildlife habitats around the Sea while allowing the main body to become hypersaline. We recommend a set of principles which should guide policy decisions regarding restoration of the Salton Sea.     

CA固定化亚硝化细菌氨氮去除能力的实验研究

采用纳氏试剂分光光度法,在不同温度、pH值、葡萄糖浓度和锰离子浓度条件下,观察游离亚硝化细菌和CA固定的亚硝化细菌对亚硝化菌培养液中氨氮的去除效果。结果表明,CA固定的亚硝化细菌比游离亚硝化细菌有较强的氨氮去除能力,并且其氨氮去除能力还表现出一定的抗高温、抗酸、抗葡萄糖干扰和抗锰离子毒害的作用。     

Maternal Serum CA 125 for aneuploidy detection in early pregnancy

Maternal serum CA 125 levels were determined at 9–11 menstrual weeks for 26 cases of trisomy 13 (n = 4), trisomy 18 (n = 7), trisomy 21 (n = 15), and appropriate controls. There were no statistically significant differences between groups.     

分形与元胞自动机耦合技术应用于厦门城市生态规划

利用2002、2007年的两期TM影像数据,基于分形方法研究了厦门的城市形态特征。首先,利用网格计数分维法得出,自2002年以来分形维数从1.804增至2007年的1.847。由于其分形维数1.847已经超越了城市理想形态维数(1.71±0.02)。结合城市形态发展规律,今后厦门岛的分形维数递增速率减缓后会逐渐回归到城市理想形态维数值。其次,通过集聚分形方法确定了以厦门市政府为圆心半径6 200 m的一个范围,在此范围内合理规划生态用地,不仅会取得较大生态效益,而且会缩短整个城市的分形维数值回归的过程。最后,文章利用元胞自动机的方法,在集聚区域内对厦门岛分形回归进行了模拟分析,提出应在集聚区内转化30%的建设用地为生态用地。此集聚区不仅是城市生态规划工作的重点区域,而且也是改善厦门市整体环境质量的最佳范围。     

EDTA和CA复配淋洗剂对重金属复合污染土壤的淋洗条件研究

采用不同浓度的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸(CA)混合的淋洗方法对重金属复合(Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni)污染土壤的最佳淋洗方式进行研究,探讨了pH值、液固比、淋洗时间和淋洗顺序对其淋洗效果的影响,并分析了0.08mol/L EDTA+0.4 mol/L CA混合淋洗处理前后土壤中重金属各种形态的变化。结果表明:采用0.08mol/L EDTA+0.4mol/L CA按复配体积比为5∶5混合淋洗对多种重金属污染土壤的淋洗效果最佳,且对土壤中5种重金属的去除率明显高于同等条件下单独使用CA和EDTA的淋洗效率,去除率分别为Zn 94.7%、Cu 95.0%、Pb 91.1%、Cr 53.8%、Ni 58.1%;采用0.08mol/L EDTA+0.4mol/L CA按复配体积比为5∶5混合淋洗,当混合淋洗液pH值为4.0、淋洗时间为14h、液固比为10∶1时,Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr的洗脱率分别为93.0%、85.3%、99.0%、50.5%、45.1%;采用0.08mol/L EDTA+0.4mol/L CA混合淋洗能很好地将土壤中重金属从稳定态向不稳定态转化,进而使得土壤中重金属得以去除。     

基于MAS与CA的滇池流域土地利用变化模型研究

采用多智能体(Multi-Agent System,MAS)、元胞自动机模型(Cellular Automata,CA)和GIS技术,对流域土地利用/土地覆盖变化(LUCC)进行模拟研究,分析了其空间格局变化特征。该文以滇池流域为例动态模拟了滇池流域2002年到2024年土地利用空间格局与结构,并采用点对点精度和Lee-Salle指数验证模拟结果,模拟结果的点对点精度达到82.29%,Lee-Salle总指数超过0.5。     

Abnormal amniotic fluid levels of CA 125 in second-trimester Down syndrome pregnancies

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of CA 125 in second trimester amniotic fluid from Down syndrome pregnancies. CA 125 was measured in stored amniotic fluid samples from pregnancies of 14–19 weeks' gestation with and without Down syndrome fetuses. CA 125 levels were expressed in multiples of the median (MOM) for normal pregnancies of the same gestational age. Twenty-one pregnancies with Down syndrome fetuses and 63 unaffected controls matched for maternal age, gestational age, and duration of storage were studied. The median MOM values of the affected pregnancies were significantly higher than those of the controls (1·41 MOM versus 0·99 MOM). These findings show that there is an increased concentration of CA 125 in second-trimester amniotic fluid from Down syndrome pregnancies.     

Maternal serum CA 125 levels in pregnancies with chromosomally-normal and -abnormal fetuses

We measured the maternal serum cancer antigen 125 (MS-CA 125) levels in 98 nonpregnant women, 765 first- and second-trimester pregnancies with chromosomally-normal fetuses, and 54 chromosomally-abnormal pregnancies. To determine the MS-CA 125 concentration, we used a new automated microparticle enzyme immunoassay with low inter-assay variability. The median MS-CA 125 level decreased from the first to the second trimester of pregnancy and was higher than that in non-pregnant women. We found no difference between normal and Down's syndrome (n = 29) pregnancies ( t-test: t = 0·57, p >0·5). The MS-CA 125 levels in pregnancies with other chromosomal abnormalities showed no difference either, compared with the normals. We conclude that MS-CA 125 is not a useful marker for fetal Down's syndrome, nor for other chromosomal disorders in pregnancy.     

基于SD-CA-GIS的环境累积效应时空分析模型及应用

环境累积效应分析强调环境变化的时空放大作用,突出环境要素之间的时空交互作用,从而对环境分析方法的能力提出了挑战.因此,本文在对传统环境分析方法归纳、分析和总结的基础上,以地理信息系统(GIS)为基础平台,集成系统动力学(SD)和元胞自动机(CA)的优点,建立了能够分析时间累积、空间累积效应的SD-CA-GIS模型.以山西潞安矿区作为研究区域,在分析矿区社会、经济、工程和环境等因子之间时空交互作用的基础上,构建了SD-CA-GlS模型.考虑到矿区土地利用变化的特殊性,从影响矿区土地利用变化的驱动因子出发,预测和模拟了矿区2006-2030年土地利用变化的累积状况.结果发现,由于煤炭资源开采等人类干扰活动的影响,研究区在研究时段内,工矿用地、居民用地和交通用地呈现累积性增加,其它土地利用类型累积性减少.同时,由于不同阶段人类活动干扰的种类和强度变化,使得不同土地利用类型的空间扩展变化存在一定的差异.上述研究表明,该模型能够同时考虑时间累积效应和空间累积效应的动态变化,能为环境累积效应的分析和评价提供有效的帮助.     

包埋类脂的吸附剂制备及吸附POPs性能

用丙酮作溶剂将三油酸甘油酯分散到醋酸纤维(CA)基体中,采用悬浮聚合的方法制备出了一种兼具亲水性,又能高倍富集持久性有机污染物的球形复合吸附剂。通过对分散剂的种类及其用量、悬浮介质的种类及其用量的研究,获得了球形复合吸附剂的最佳合成路线与工艺.球形吸附剂粒径为1～2mm。通过荧光分析和电镜扫描分析,表明三油酸甘油酯已被包埋到醋酸纤维基体中,并得到了均匀分散。采用七氯、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、灭蚁灵为代表性的持久性有机污染物(POPs)。动力学吸附实验表明,当初始浓度为1μg/L时,在快速吸附阶段,溶液中80%的氯、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂可得到有效去除,但并没有达到吸附平衡。快速吸附完后,还在持续地进行慢速吸附。而对于灭蚁灵,吸附速度远远低于其他几种POPs。实验证明了吸附速度不仅与辛醇/水系数有关,而且还与有机污染物的分子结构有关。     

基于GECM与CA+ANN模型的土地资源优化配置与模拟

土地资源优化配置是土地科学研究的热点。论文在前人研究成果的基础上,以多目标动态规划方法中的逐步宽容约束(GECM)方法为基础,以社会、经济和生态效益为系统目标,设置8个方面的GECM约束条件,对广州市花都区2020年土地利用结构进行优化配置研究,并将土地利用结构优化配置结果作为约束条件,结合人工神经网络与元胞自动机(ANN+CA)模型对研究区土地利用空间布局进行模拟。研究结果表明:①GECM是一种较好的土地利用结构优化方法,花都区2008年建设用地规模(23 097 hm²)接近于2020年的合理用地水平(28 800 hm²);②ANN+CA可以实现土地资源的空间配置与模拟,通过GECM与ANN+CA的耦合进行土地资源优化配置的结果比较符合花都区的实际情况,模拟的方案更具合理性,能实现区域土地资源优化配置的时间与空间的统一。     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.