不同土地利用方式下土壤养分和重金属元素垂直分布特征

为探讨不同土地利用方式下土壤养分和重金属元素垂直分布特征,对2种母质的自然土壤、耕作土壤、休耕土壤养分和重金属元素垂直分布状况进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤表层养分元素含量总体表现为休耕土壤耕作土壤自然土壤,土壤表层重金属含量总体表现为农田土壤(耕作土壤和休耕土壤)自然土壤,耕作土壤与休耕土壤差异较小,土壤淀积层到母质层养分和重金属元素差异逐渐减小;土壤养分元素和Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd随土层深度的增加而减小,而Cr表现出相反的趋势;农田土壤耕作层有效钾含量最高可达215.6 mg·kg~(-1);耕作层Cd含量最高可达0.74 mg·kg~(-1)。3种土地利用方式中,休耕土壤养分和重金属含量相对较高,建议在休耕期间种植伴矿景天等重金属高积累植物进行植物修复。     

四川省某铅锌矿尾矿库周边环境重金属污染特征

对四川省某铅锌尾矿库周边土壤、地表水和地下水中的重金属含量及其相关性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)尾矿库周边土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、As分别为19.8~187.0、11.6~249.0、0.01~3.44、2.6~9.3mg/kg。土壤中重金属元素都存在一定的相关性,Pb与Zn相关系数为0.951,达到极显著相关。(2)尾矿库周边土壤并未受到大面积的重金属污染,综合污染指数平均值为0.98,而选矿厂废水排放至尾矿库的明渠、尾矿库渗滤液排水沟附近土壤污染达到中污染水平。(3)尾矿库尾砂堆积处两翼地下水中有一定Pb污染,推断因为尾砂深度堆积与地下水直接接触。(4)含高浓度硫酸盐的尾矿库废水携重金属沿尾矿库重力坝下渗,对尾矿库渗滤液排放口下游区土壤、地下水造成了重金属和硫酸盐污染。     

燃煤电厂重金属排放与周边土壤重金属污染评价

为研究燃煤电厂重金属排放对周边土壤重金属污染的影响,测定了某燃煤电厂烟囱入口烟气中Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As含量,同时根据当地气象及地形条件,在燃煤电厂周边采集19个土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属含量及分布情况,并对其污染程度进行评价.结果表明,燃煤电厂烟气中6种重金属元素的质量浓度为0.02～2.00μg/m3...     

贵阳南部近郊蔬菜重金属污染状况及健康风险评估

于贵阳花溪区蔬菜种植基地及零星菜地采集叶菜类、茎菜类和果菜类样品及对应土壤样品,测定土壤与蔬菜样品中Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu含量,分析土壤理化性质、土壤重金属全量、有效态含量与蔬菜中重金属含量之间的关系,通过污染指数和暴露风险健康评估指数分析城郊蔬菜中重金属污染状况以及摄入人群的健康风险。结果表明:部分菜地土壤样品Zn、Cu含量超出农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,超标率分别为8.82%、11.76%;蔬菜中重金属含量主要取决于土壤重金属有效态含量;研究区蔬菜均处于清洁水平,但有8.82%的蔬菜样品Pb处于Ⅱ级警戒值,且均为叶菜;Pb是叶菜类暴露健康风险的主要元素,而Cu是茎菜类与果菜类暴露健康风险的重要元素;蔬菜重金属对儿童和成人的危害指数均小于1.0,表明食用该地区的蔬菜不会对人体健康产生不良影响。     

层次分析法与地理信息系统在农田土壤重金属污染评价中的应用

以《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级标准作为评价标准,采用以改进层次分析法确定权重的加权平均法对南京市郊典型蔬菜地的土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,研究区土壤中Cu、Pb、Cr的单因子污染指数平均值均小于1,含量超标率均不超过10.32%,而Cd的单因子污染指数平均值达2.15,含量超标率为84.13%,急需对该区土壤和受体做进一步的Cd污染深入调查或风险评估;研究区土壤重金属综合污染指数平均值为1.28,属玷污水平;利用ArcGIS 8.3软件进行土壤重金属污染的空间分布特征分析结果表明,研究区各元素的污染程度为Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr,各元素的污染格局较为相似,城市化活动对土壤污染贡献较大;研究区有81.16%的土壤重金属污染级别为玷污,3.78%处于本底级,15.06%处于安全级。     

小兴安岭地区环境中的重金属

小兴安岭地区人烟稀少,植被发育较好,受人类活动影响较小。1984年我们对该区土壤、植物、水体中Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Cu、Co、Cd、As、Ni、Pb10种重金属元素进行了调查研究,探讨不同环境要素之间以及沉积物中不同元素之间的关系。 一、小兴安岭地区环境中的重金属 本文研究了小兴安岭地区土壤、植物和水体中的重金属,土壤主要是暗棕色森林土,植物采用本区优势树种红松(Pinus ko-raiensis)、蒙古栎(Quereus mongolica)、糠椴(Tiliamand shurica)和兴安白桦(Betula plalyphylla),水体包括河水和河底沉积物.为了研究土壤与植物中元素含量关系,土壤和植物同步采样。 1.土壤中重金属含量特征 暗棕色森林土是重要的林业土壤资源,在小兴安岭地区,其分布面积约占土壤总面     

镇江市老城区不同功能区街道灰尘中重金属污染的粒径分布及来源解析

在镇江市老城区的6个功能区(商业区、交通区、居民区、文教区、江滨公园、大市口)布设采样点,测定了街道灰尘样品中所含的7种重金属的含量,分析了街道灰尘中重金属污染的粒级效应;并基于主成分分析法对重金属的来源进行了解析.结果表明,总体来说,镇江市老城区街道灰尘中的重金属污染显示出明显的粒级效应,随灰尘粒径减小,重金属含量呈明显的递增趋势;镇江市老城区街道灰尘中的重金属来源有:(1)交通污染源,特征元素为Cu、Zn、Pb;(2)生活污染源,特征物质为有机质;(3)工业污染源,特征元素为Ni、Mn、Cr;(4)自然沉降源,即与成土母质的地质背景有关的土壤颗粒的再悬浮或迁移;(5)建筑废弃物及土壤扬尘,或是由几者产生的混合污染.     

廊坊城市热岛的地球化学内涵研究

系统采集了河北省廊坊市规划区范围内粉尘样品,定量分析As、Cd、Hg、Pb含量,利用地理信息系统编制了地球化学图件,圈定异常分布情况。结果表明,规划区粉尘重金属起始污染面积约43km2,占总面积的21%,主要污染元素为Hg、Pb,其次为Cd、As。同时,又对廊坊城市热岛效应强度进行了分析,可以发现,城市热岛物理效应与粉尘重金属异常分布之间存在着良好的空间分布对应关系,在城市热岛分布区,粉尘重金属含量同时存在异常分布,揭示了城市热岛的地球化学内涵。     

浅层地下水重金属元素的富集特征研究

以淮南市浅层地下水为研究对象,采集并测试了130个水样中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和M等元素的含量及相关指标.通过分析pH与重金属的相关性,得出了重金属在水中的富集特征,即VFe＞VCu＞VZn＞VPb＞VMn.利用主成分对7种重金属进行分类并分析其富集成因,最后将测试结果与土壤重金属含量相比较,确定了重金属元...     

典型重金属污染地区蔬菜中重金属含量及健康风险

在大冶市典型重金属污染地区,选择罗家桥街办作为污染区、茗山乡作为对照区,通过采集土壤和蔬菜样品,分析5种重金属(Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb)的含量,评价重金属对当地居民的健康风险,评价参数根据当地居民调查得到。结果表明,污染区土壤样品的5种重金属的平均值均高于背景值,对照区土壤样品的5种重金属的平均值与背景值差异不显著或低于背景值。污染区蔬菜样品的5种重金属的平均值也基本都高于对照区。因此,污染区土壤已经受到了重金属的污染,对照区土壤几乎未受到重金属的污染。健康风险评价结果表明,污染区人群面临着非致癌风险和致癌风险,而对照区健康风险较小。从年龄层看,对非致癌风险抵抗力最弱的是儿童,而对致癌风险抵抗力最弱的是成人。污染区最主要的风险元素是Cd和As。     

Urinary arsenic,cadmium, manganese,nickel, and vanadium levels of schoolchildren in the vicinity of the industrialised area of Asaluyeh,Iran

Asaluyeh is one of the most heavily industrialised areas in the world where gas, petrochemical, and many downstream industries are located. This study aims to survey the biomonitoring of four metals and one metalloid in children living in the vicinity of Asaluyeh area. To do this, we analysed the creatinine-adjusted urinary levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) in 184 elementary schoolchildren (99 boys and 85 girls) living in Asaluyeh and compared them with a reference population. The comparisons were done for two seasons (spring and fall). The results showed that in the case area (Asaluyeh), the levels of As, V, Mn, and Ni were significantly higher and that of Cd was not significantly higher than the reference city for both seasons. The mean concentration of metal(loid)s in Asaluyeh (case) and Sadabad (reference) area as μg g^?1 creatinine was As 2.90 and 2.24, V 0.06 and 0.03, Mn 0.28 and 0.25, Ni 0.54 and 0.29, and Cd 0.31 and 0.28 in spring and As 3.08 and 2.28, V 0.07 and 0.03, Mn 0.30 and 0.26, Ni 0.91 and 0.30, and Cd 0.36 and 0.31 in the fall. Seasonal variations played a key role in determining urinary metal(loid) concentration, as we saw the significant level of As, Cd, V, and Ni in fall than in spring. With regard to the impact of gender on the absorption and accumulation of urinary metal(loid)s, boys showed higher levels of the studied elements, especially for As, than girls as outdoor activities are more popular among boys. Due to the values being lower than those reported in literature, more research is needed on various population groups and other exposure sources in order to judge whether living in the vicinity of the gas and petrochemical industries in Asaluyeh is a threat to nearby residents.     

Methylmercury, fish consumption, and the precautionary principle

This paper considers several broad issues in the context of probabilistic assessment of the benefits of curtailing mercury (Hg) emissions from U.S. coal-fired power plants, based on information developed from recent literature and epidemiology studies of health effects of methylmercury. Exposure of the U.S. population is considered on the national scale, in large part because of recent questions arising from survey and experimental data about the relative importance of local deposition of airborne Hg. Although epidemiological studies have provided useful information, safe levels of Hg exposure remain uncertain, in part because of other dietary considerations in the populations that were studied. For example, much of the seafood consumed in one of the major studies was also contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls, as are fish taken from some U.S. fresh waters. The primary epidemiological approach involves cross-study comparisons in relation to mean exposures, rather than detailed critiques of individual effects reported in each study. U.S. exposures are seen to be well below the levels at which adverse health effects are reported. This analysis supports the conclusion that unilateral reduction of Hg emissions from U.S. coal-fired power plants alone is unlikely to realize significant public health benefits.     

Formulation factors that can reduce the formation of the phytotoxic impurity, N,N'-dibutylurea, from benomyl

Fungicide benomyl is easily decomposed to carbendazim (MBC) and butyl isocyanate (BIC) in formulation, BIC is further hydrolyzed to butylamine. The BIC also reacts with butylamine to form N,N'-dibutylurea (DBU), a phytotoxic compound. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selected additives and the manufacturing method of benomyl water dispersible granules (WG) on reducing DBU content in benomyl formulations. The manufacturing methods studied were granulation by extrusion, fluid bed spray, and spray dry. For the extrusion method, each benomyl powder formulation was homogenized by kneading with 20% v/w of 95% ethanol instead of water. After granulation, the percentages of the active ingredient benomyl and its degradation product carbendazim in each formulation were determined. For the fluid bed spray method, two formulations of wettable powders were formed. The first sample was granulated using 5% Na(2)SO(4) as the binder solution; the second sample used 2% urea. Changes in the active ingredient content after granulation were determined for each sample. For the spray dry method, four basic formulations of 70% benomyl, 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 10% or 20% sodium sulfate were prepared, to study the effects of HMTA, urea and dispersant on reducing DBU formation in formulation. The DBU content of each formulation was measured for the fresh samples and after 1 year of storage. The results showed that urea had a stabilizing effect on benomyl, and reduced DBU formation. BIC increased benomyl yield during manufacturing, which reduced DBU content in fresh samples but allowed a greater potential for future DBU formation since it did not stabilize the extra benomyl. HMTA was found to reduce DBU in both aqueous BIC and prepared formulations. The study discusses how each of the selected constituents affected DBU formation and how commercial formulations can be improved to reduce DBU formation. From this study, it is clear that a safer benomyl formulation can be developed.     

Bioaccumulation of toxicants in the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, at the Times Beach Confined Disposal Facility, Buffalo, New York

This study consisted of a site characterization followed by biomonitoring the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, at the Times Beach Confined Disposal Facility (CDF), located in Buffalo, New York. Concentrations of selected contaminants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and metals -arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), barium (Ba), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and silver (Ag)-were at or below detection limits in the water column. Sediment contaminant concentrations, recorded as dry weight, were as high as 549 mg/kg for total PAHs, 9 mg/kg for PCB Aroclor 1248 and 54, 99, 6, 355, 637 and 16 mg/kg for the metals As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg, respectively. To predict contaminant bioavailability, elutriate and whole sediment toxicity tests were performed utilizing the cladoceran, Daphnia magna. Whole sediment tests indicated significant impact. Control survival was 84%, while sediment treatment had survival ranging from 1 to 7%. Mean control reproduction was 86.8 neonates, whereas treatment reproduction ranged from 1.4 to 9.0. Zebra mussels placed both in the water column (Upper) and at the sediment level (Lower) survived the 34-day exposure. Contaminants that significantly accumulated in zebra mussel tissue (wet wt mg/kg) were total PAHs (6.58), fluoranthene (1.23), pyrene (1.08), chrysene (0.98), benzo(a)anthracene (0.60), PCB Aroclor 1248 (1.64), As (0.97), Cr (2.87) and Ba (7.00). Accumulation of these contaminants in zebra mussel tissue represent a potentially realistic hazard to organisms (i.e. fish and birds) that feed on them.     

Effects of Ni, Cr, Hg, Cu, Zn, Al on the dissolved oxygen balance of streams

Inorganic metals besides their direct toxic effects, carry the potential of causing serious variations on existing ecosystems in receiving waters. Self purification mechanism is vital for the continuity of the existing micro and macro living organisms in the streams. This mechanism is effected from the existence of metals. In this study, interferences of HgCl2, HgSO4, Ni(NO3)2, CrCl3, CuSO4.5H2O, K2Cr2O7, ZnSO4.7H2O and Al2(SO4)3.18H2O metal compounds on respirometric BOD and related effects on the self purification, are investigated with the representative formations of DO deficit curves. In the presence of these metals, streamwater BOD parameters and related DO deficit curve formations are significantly effected.     

Population-level toxicity of the insecticide, spinosad and the nonylphenol polyethoxylate, R-11, to the cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard

The effects of the natural insecticide, spinosad, and the agricultural adjuvant, R-11, were evaluated on populations of the water flea, Ceriodaphnia dubia after chronic 8-day exposures. The number of individuals used to start the chronic exposure studies (founders) and the number of offspring/surviving female were significantly reduced after exposure to spinosad concentrations ≥ 2.5 μg/L. The final number of individuals was significantly reduced after exposure to spinosad concentrations ≥ 1.0 μg/L. Population growth rate was significantly reduced after exposure to spinosad concentrations ≥ 1 μg/L. Extinction occurred (defined as negative population growth rate) after exposure to spinosad concentrations of 10 μg/L. Therefore, negative effects were observed in C. dubia after exposure to spinosad at a concentration near the chronic expected environmental concentration (EEC) of 2.3 μg/L. R-11 was much less toxic to C. dubia than spinosad. The number of founders was not significantly reduced until C. dubia were exposed to 12,000 μg/L. The number of offspring/surviving female, final number of individuals, and population growth rate were significantly reduced after exposure to R-11 concentrations ≥ 5,000 μg/L. Extinction occurred after exposure to R-11 concentrations of 12,000 μg/L which was above the EEC of 790 μg/L. These results indicate that spinosad and R-11 both have lethal and sublethal effects on C. dubia. However, spinosad appears to affect C. dubia at or near the EEC while R-11 does not negatively affect this species until concentrations are much higher than the EEC.     

Perchlorate in water, soil, vegetation, and rodents collected from the Las Vegas Wash, Nevada, USA

Water, soil, vegetation, and rodents were collected from three areas along the Las Vegas Wash, a watershed heavily contaminated with perchlorate. Perchlorate was detected at elevated concentrations in water, soil, and vegetation, but was not frequently detected in rodent liver or kidney tissues. Broadleaf weeds contained the highest concentrations of perchlorate among all plant types examined. Perchlorate in rodent tissues and vegetation was correlated with perchlorate concentrations in soil as expected, however rodent residues were not highly correlated with plant perchlorate concentrations. This indicates that soil may be a greater source, or a more constant source of perchlorate exposure in rodents than vegetation.     

Lead in the diet and body tissues of dunlins, Calidris alpina, from the Bristol Channel, UK

Lead concentrations were determined in the organs of a shorebird, the dunlin, in its main invertebrate prey, and in sediments collected from five sites in the Bristol Channel. The highest sediment concentrations were found in the Taff Estuary (97 microg g(-1) dry mass). The highest concentrations in invertebrates were found in the upper Severn Estuary (45 microg g(-1) dry mass in Nereis diversicolor). In dunlins, the highest concentrations were found in the sternum (25 microg g(-1) dry mass in males), followed by the beak, legs, kidney, liver and pectoral muscle. Adult males contained significantly higher concentrations (ca 20%) than adult females, and in some cases adults had significantly higher concentrations than first year birds (36% higher in the case of the sternum). Lead concentrations tended to increase throughout the winter, being 37-115% higher in the spring. Birds were able to purge themselves of a substantial portion of their body lead burdens, probably during the autumn moult.     

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, in Norwegian waters

Residue levels of the chlorinated hydrocarbons polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), total DDT, alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and oxychlordane in blubber, and the elements mercury, cadmium, copper, selenium, arsenic, and zinc in liver, of 82 harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, were determined. The seals were found dead or dying in Norwegian waters during the disease outbreak caused by a morbilli virus in 1988. Of the chlorinated hydrocarbons, the highest concentrations were found of PCBs, which were 2-4 times higher than the total DDT concentrations. P,p'-DDE was the main contributor to the total DDT, and constituted about 80%. The PCB and total DDT concentrations ranged from 0.4-38 and 0.1-8.8 mg kg(-1), respectively. The mercury concentrations ranged from 0.1-89 mg kg(-1). Significantly higher mean levels of PCBs (13 mg kg(-1) and mercury (16 mg kg(-1)) were found in blubber and liver, respectively, of seals from the Southern coast of Norway, as compared to the corresponding mean levels in seals from the Oslofjord (8.8 and 4.1 mg kg(-1)), and at the Northwestern coast (5.8 and 7.9 mg kg(-1)), respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the concentrations of selenium and mercury. When the seals were grouped according to sex and age, females of ageclass > 1 and pups of both sexes had significantly lower PCB and total DDT levels than males ageclass > 1. Significantly higher hepatic mercury levels were found in seals ageclass > 1 as compared to pups. Only low levels of the other organochlorines, cadmium and arsenic, were found. Copper and zinc were considered to be present at normal physiological levels. The present organochlorine and heavy metal concentrations gave no support to suggestions that organochlorines and heavy metal pollution may be directly involved in the observed seal deaths.