富营养浅水湖泊中新发现的磷化氢

以富营养化湖泊太湖和南京乌龙潭为研究对象,采用气液两相平衡法,配合柱前2次冷阱富集和GC/NPD法,分析了原始湖水和经过0.45靘滤膜处理的湖水,均检测到了磷化氢.原始湖水比经过0.45靘滤膜过滤的湖水中的磷化氢含量高2~14倍.表层湖水与底层湖水中磷化氢的含量变化趋势一致,且磷化氢浓度相差不大.太湖,乌龙潭中微量磷化氢的发现,对湖泊水体中磷循环的深入研究和水体富营化的防治具有积极的现实意义.     

Artificial lakes as a climate change adaptation strategy in drylands: evaluating the trade-off on non-target ecosystem services

Drylands are very susceptible to the effects of climate change due to water stress. One possible climate change adaptation measure is the construction of lakes to increase water availability for drinking and irrigation (food production) and decrease fire risk. These lakes can also increase local biodiversity and human well-being. However, other non-target services such as carbon (C) storage, water purification, and sediment retention might also change. Our main aim was to evaluate the trade-offs on non-targeted ecosystem services due to lakes construction in drylands. This was done using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) modeling tools, comparing a Mediterranean area located in southwest (SW) Europe, with and without artificial lakes. Results showed that the construction of artificial lakes caused an increase of 9.4% in C storage. However, the consequent increase in agricultural area decreased water purification and sediment retention services. This could diminish the life span of the lakes changing the initial beneficial cost-benefit analysis on lakes as adaptation measures to climate change. As a global measure for mitigation and adaptation to climate change strategy, we consider lake construction in drylands to be positive since it can store C in sediments and reduces the vulnerability to water scarcity. However, as a general recommendation and when built to support or increase agriculture in semi-arid landscapes, we consider that lakes should be complemented with additional measures to reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching such as (i) locate agricultural areas outside the lakes water basin, (ii) afforestation surrounding the lakes, and (iii) adopt the best local agriculture practices to prevent and control soil erosion and nutrient leaching.     

烟波湖下觅故城

历史上由于长江中下游湖泊的扩大和迁移,湮废了许多古城和古迹.鄱阳湖湮废(枭)阳、海昬、昌邑城.洪泽湖淹没泗州城和明祖陵.太湖平原上阳澄湖下阳城县,偕薄县城陷于当湖之中.这些古城为秦汉至南北朝设置.     

把脉城中湖

湖泊的一个重要作用,就在于能够蓄洪防涝,并且具有调节区域温度的作用.在一片由钢筋水泥筑成的石屎森林里,湖泊的存在就像是沙漠中的绿洲,其重要性不言而喻.城中湖的形成原因多种多样,有的是先有湖泊后有城市,有的是城市建设过程中形成的人工湖.     

聚焦湖泊治理

去年底,在南昌召开的第11届世界生命湖泊大会上,与会专家认为,近50年来,中国平均每年有近20个天然湖泊消亡,75%的天然湖泊和人工湖泊出现富营养化.我国的天然湖泊和人工湖泊正面临着大规模的生态威胁.     

浅覆盖区第四系三维地质结构模型不确定性分析——以运漕幅离散钻孔为例

针对以离散钻孔为主要数据源建立的第四系三维地质结构模型,采用地统计学方法以置信度指数定量评估三维地质结构模型的不确定性。通过分析目标地层顶面趋势,获取其地质复杂度信息;利用半方差函数模型分析目标地层顶面的空间自相关性,获取其数据精度信息;结合专家经验,以置信度综合评估模型的不确定性。以运漕幅第四系三维地质结构模型为例,分别绘制早—中更新世青弋江组(Qp1-2 qy)与中—晚更新世大桥镇组(Qp2-3 d)顶面高程与置信度指数图。结果表明,钻孔位置和运漕幅右下角钻孔密集处的置信度指数较高,图幅边缘及地层缺失处的置信度指数偏低。置信度指数与钻孔数据精度呈正相关,与地质复杂度呈负相关。置信度指数可为以离散钻孔为主要数据源建立的第四系三维地质结构模型的不确定性分析提供量化工具。     

Can a prolonged use of a passenger car reduce environmental burdens? Life Cycle analysis of Swiss passenger cars

As a consequence of the introduction of limits on exhaust gas emissions and a target agreement between the Swiss association of car importers (auto-schweiz) and the Swiss government calling for a reduction in the specific fuel consumption, a considerable reduction of exhaust emissions of newly registered Swiss passenger cars occurred in the last 10 years. Also, for the near future an ongoing reduction of exhaust emissions of newly registered vehicles is expected. However, applying the concept of life cycle thinking, exhaust emission reductions may be outbalanced with an increase in specific car manufacturing expenditures and/or a longer use of the car. Thus, from the point of view of an individual car owner, a prolonged car use may be the environmentally preferable option. In order to investigate this question, a comprehensive analysis of the environmental performance of newly registered diesel and petrol passenger cars in the time period from 2000 to 2010 has been performed. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been employed focusing on three transport components: ‘vehicle travel’ (exhaust and abrasion emissions), ‘fuel chain’ (supply of fuels) and ‘car infrastructure’ (manufacturing, maintenance and disposal of cars). The presented model aims to gain insight into the issue of longevity and prolonged car use for the Swiss case, rather than giving ultimate recommendations. The analysis focuses on classical road pollutants (NO_x and PM2.5) as well as on fuel consumption reduction and CO₂. Moreover, impact assessment has been applied, employing a common approach: Eco-Indicator (EI) 99. The ranking of different car replacement options revealed prolonged car use as the environmentally better option. As a consequence of the continuous use of the car representing 2000 average technology, the components ‘vehicle travel’ and ‘fuel chain’ show a 10% and 9% higher performance, respectively. This effect is compensated by savings in ‘car infrastructure’ (26%). Uncertainty analysis has been performed by additional model runs with different parameter settings. Despite the fact that a considerably prolonged car use scores best for all additional model runs, the resulting differences between options further decrease. This holds particularly true, if a higher yearly average fuel reduction rate of 3% is assumed. Furthermore, applying an avoided burden concept for infrastructure modeling (Value Corrected Substitution (VCS)) shows the same effect. In both cases the resulting scores differ merely marginally between the considered options and would not allow for discrimination.As a consequence of these outcomes, it is not possible to give any general recommendation to Swiss car owners to extend the use of their cars, in the short term.     

Metal removal studied by a laboratory scale immobilized microalgal reactor

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｓ，ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｔｈｏｓｅｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｄｆｒｏｍｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇｏｆｐｒｉｎｔｅｄｃｉｒｃｕｉｔｂｏａｒｄ（ＰＣＢ）ａｎｄｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｌａｔｉｎｇｃｏｎ...     

A laboratory evaluation of a nitrogen dioxide personal sampling device

A series of chamber experiments was carried out to determine performance characteristics of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) personal sampling devices (PSDs) under varying climatic conditions. The impact of extreme temperature on NO₂ PSDs was evaluated on two performance modes: (1) PSDs as stationary sampling devices; and (2) PSDs as exposure measuring devices. Extremely low temperatures affect both the accuracy and precision of the PSD measurements. Under conventional mobility patterns, the extreme temperature impact does not affect the ability of PSDs to measure personal exposures to NO₂ accurately. NO₂ PSD is a simple, robust, lightweight, unobtrusive, and easy-to-use sampler that measures exposure to NO₂ with sensitivity and time resolution not previously available with other diffusion monitors.     

中国湖泊污染状况的基本评价

湖泊是重要的地表水资源,它们与湖泊周围人群的生活密切相关.由于受到人类生产和生活的影响,湖泊所受的污染越来越严重,盐化(重金属化)、富营养化和酸化正在使水质日益恶化,使人的生存环境遭到不同程度的破坏.如何正确评价中国湖泊的污染状况,合理利用湖泊资源,保护生态环境,是摆在我们面前的一个重大课题.笔者试图通过对中国湖泊污染状况的基本分析,唤起人们对湖泊环境的重视,并提出因地制宜的整治措施.     

Environmental safety via a clean technology of diamond extraction—a laboratory experiment

Before diamonds can be made beautiful, they have to be removed from their natural state within the kimberlite ore. Breaking of the ore in crushers is not very effective since the diamonds are subjected in the process to a high dynamic load that damages them and reduces their market value. A new method was developed for extracting diamonds from the ore with minimized damage. The chunks of ore are processed in specialized solutions under a special regime. As a result, the ore loses its hardness and disintegrates under weak mechanical action, and the quantity and quality of diamonds extracted from the same volume of ore is increased. The method may be realized in a closed cycle without waste, and guarantees a high level of environmental safety.     

Dating sediments on several lakes inferred from radionuclide profiles

ＤａｔｉｎｇｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｎｓｅｖｅｒａｌｌａｋｅｓｉｎｆｅｒｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｒａｄｉｏｎｕｃｌｉｄｅｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｓＸｉａｎｇＬｉａｎｇＬａｋｅＳｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙ，ＮａｎｊｉｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏ...     

Effects of turbulence on carbon emission in shallow lakes

Turbulent mixing is enhanced in shallow lakes. As a result, exchanges across the air–water and sediment–water interfaces are increased, causing these systems to be large sources of greenhouse gases. This study investigated the effects of turbulence on carbon dioxide(CO_2)and methane(CH_4) emissions in shallow lakes using simulated mesocosm experiments.Results demonstrated that turbulence increased CO_2 emissions, while simultaneously decreasing CH_4 emissions by altering microbial processes. Under turbulent conditions, a greater fraction of organic carbon was recycled as CO_2 instead of CH_4, potentially reducing the net global warming effect because of the lower global warming potential of CO_2 relative to CH_4. The CH_4/CO_2 flux ratio was approximately 0.006 under turbulent conditions, but reached 0.078 in the control. The real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that methanogen abundance decreased and methanotroph abundance increased under turbulent conditions, inhibiting CH_4 production and favoring the oxidation of CH_4 to CO2.These findings suggest that turbulence may play an important role in the global carbon cycle by limiting CH4 emissions, thereby reducing the net global warming effect of shallow lakes.     

Environmental cross-compliance mitigates nitrogen and phosphorus pollution from Swiss agriculture

In 1993 the Swiss agricultural policy was revised with – amongst other goals – the objective of improving the environmental performance of agriculture. A voluntary agri-environmental scheme to promote integrated production (IP) was introduced. In 1999 the IP standards were integrated in cross compliance requirements and termed Proof of Ecological Performance (PEP). We evaluated the effectiveness of this policy in terms of reducing diffuse nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) pollution of ground and surface water. We combined monitoring schemes covering the reference period from before the introduction of IP/PEP (1990–1992) with the evaluation of cause/effect relationships in selected case-study areas. The evaluation showed an overall reduction of diffuse N and P pollution from agriculture even though some goals were not reached. Nitrate leaching declined, but only a 3–4 mg L⁻¹ reduction was observed rather than the intended decrease of 5 mg L⁻¹. The P pollution of surface waters from agriculture decreased by only 10–30% instead of 50%. The intended reduction of the nitrogen surplus of Swiss agriculture by 33% was not attained, but the P surplus of Swiss agriculture was more than halved. IP/PEP practices that improved N and P management included reduced N and P fertiliser inputs and pig and poultry feedstuffs with reduced N and P contents, both of which are a consequence of the requirement of equilibrated farm nutrient balances, as well as increased use of cover cropping and of conservation tillage systems.     

Human impact on current environmental state in Chinese lakes

Anthropogenic and natural disturbance to inland aquatic ecosystems displays a notable spatial difference, yet data to measure these differences are scarce. This study encompasses 217 lakes distributed over five lake regions of China and elucidates the environmental factors determining the spatial variability of the water quality and trophic status. A significant correlation between human modification index in surrounding terrestrial systems (HMT) and trophic status of lake ecosystems (TSI) was found, and the regression slope in each region was similar except in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. It was further noted that the pattern of environmental factor network (EF network) differed among freshwater and saline lakes. The EF network was complex for freshwater lakes in less human-influenced areas, but intensive man-made influence disrupted most relationships except for those between total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, and water turbidity. As for regions including saline lakes, correlations among water salinity and organic forms of carbon and nitrogen were apparent. Our results suggest that HMT and EF network can be useful indicators of the ecological integrity of local lake ecosystems, and integrating spatial information on a large scale provides conservation planners the option for evaluating the potential risk on inland aquatic systems.     

人类如何面对江湖?

今年已经是张琛在世界自然基金会（WWF）工作的第八个年头.1998年张琛还在中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所工作.这一年长江暴发了百年不遇的大洪水,整个中国被折腾得筋疲力尽.张琛当时负责了一个洞庭湖项目,在湖区呆了两个多月,严重的围垦对他触动很大.第二年他加入WWF,并开始了漫长的洞庭湖保护之路.