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Cover: Recreational fishers can be instrumental in successful fisheries conservation projects, thereby reducing fisheries declines. In Mongolia's Eg‐Ur watershed, recreational anglers, local citizens, and scientists have teamed up to protect the world's largest salmonid, Hucho taimen. Photo by Sudeep Chandra. See pages 1125–1134.     

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Cover: Hunting of endangered species, especially large primates, by Matsigenka indigenous people living in Manu National Park, Peru, has prompted debate over whether indigenous populations living in tropical parks have the potential to be conservation partners or should be treated as threats to biodiversity conservation. Participatory monitoring of hunting in the park showed that even after decades of subsistence hunting and localized depletion, large primates and other vulnerable species continue to be hunted at high rates, indicating source-sink dynamics and suggesting that there is time to devise a co-management plan. See pages 1174–1185. Photos by Glenn Shepard Jr. (top) and Julia Ohl (bottom).     

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Cover: A poster of the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) decorates the wall of a restaurant in Brinkley, Arkansas (U.S.A.). The town is located near where the bird was reportedly sighted in 2004, 60 years after its presumed extinction. Th ree papers in this issue present new methods to estimate whether species are extinct. On pages 47‐56, Gotelli et al. introduce a statistical method for estimating the probability of species persistence from the temporal sequence of collection dates of museum specimens. Application of the method to a case study of the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker suggests there is virtually no chance the species is currently extant within its historical range in the southeastern United States. On pages 180‐184, Solow et al. describe a Bayesian method that formally accounts for species records of uncertain validity. They used a recently published record of sightings of the Ivory‐billed Woodpecker to illustrate their method. Their results were consistent with the conclusion that the species is extinct, but did not provide a clear estimate of the time of extinction. On pages 57‐67, Fisher and Blomberg outline how to estimate the probability that species with few records or recent last‐sighting dates are extinct. Cover image © 2012 Joel Sartore. Photographer: During more than 20 years with the National Geographic Society, Joel Sartore ( http://www.joelsartore.com ) has covered topics from the Amazon rainforest to beer‐drinking, mountain‐racing. firefighters in the United Kingdom. His work focuses on endangered species, natural history, and land use. Joel's books include Photographing Your Family, Face to Face with Grizzlies, Nebraska: Under a Big Red Sky, RARE: Portraits of America's Endangered Species, and, most recently, Let's Be Reasonable. In addition to his work for National Geographic, Joel has completed assignments for Audubon Magazine, Time, Life, Newsweek, and Sports Illustrated and has contributed to numerous book projects. Joel and his work have been the subject of several national broadcasts in the United States, including National Geographic's Explorer, NBC Nightly News, NPR's Weekend Edition, and an hour‐long PBS documentary. He is a regular contributor to the CBS Sunday Morning Show.     

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Cover : A local boy spearfishing in Wakatobi Marine National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia, 2004. Octopus, grouper, fusilier, and scorpionfish commonly are fished in the area. Customary management systems that limit fishing can increase the biomass of fishes targeted by local fishers. Feary et al. (pp. 341‐349) found that customary closures affect the distance at which a fish begins to flee an approaching threat. This flight distance, in turn, can influence local fishing success. However, the accuracy of conventional techniques used by scientists for censusing reef fishes do not appear to be affected by changes in flight behavior associated with fishing.     

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Cover : The rainforests and cloud forests surrounding Pongo de Mainique, a canyon on the Urubamba River in Peru, have extraordinarily high species richness. As climate changes, the region is projected to have one of the highest rates of turnover of amphibian species in the western hemisphere. Th e special section in this issue, Ecological Responses to Contemporary Climate Change within Species, Communities, and Ecosystems, provides a foundation for better understanding and preparation for shifts in climate forcings and feedbacks.     

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Cover : Diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) inhabit brackish waters throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. In parts of the turtle's range, juveniles (pictured) and adult males that inadvertently enter commercial crab traps typically drown, whereas the larger carapace of adult females excludes them from traps. On pages 1268‐1277, Wolak et al. document sex‐speci. c changes in carapace length and width in populations that co‐occur with commercial crab traps. Th ese changes have not been observed in contemporary and historic populations in areas without crab trapping.     

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Cover : Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. On pages 199‐207, Moir et al. examine potential methods to prevent extinction of species dependent on hosts of divergent taxa, including the tuatara, when translocating threatened animals or plants. A tick (Amblyomma sphenodonti) that is specific to tuatara did not establish after two translocations of tuatara. Moir et al. suggest determining viable sizes of founder host populations for dependent species and managing populations of dependent species to maximize the probability of sustainable rates of transmission between hosts. Cover image © 2012 Piotr Naskrecki. Photographer : Piotr Naskrecki is an entomologist and conservation biologist at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, where he works on conservation, biogeography, and evolution of sound‐producing insects. As a photographer, Piotr has mastered the art of creating portraits of some of the smallest and most beautiful organisms. Between 2002 and 2009 he served as director of the Invertebrate Diversity Initiative at the Center for Applied Biodiversity Science of Conservation International. His work on the distribution of numerous groups of invertebrates informed decisions such as designations of regions with high concentrations of species richness. Piotr's publications, both technical and popular, strive to promote appreciation and conservation of invertebrates. His book The Smaller Majority (2005, Harvard University Press) illustrates many threats to the persistence of invertebrates. Relics: Travels in Nature's Time Machine (2011, Chicago University Press) discusses ecology and conservation of some of the world's most ancient organisms and ecosystems.     

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Cover: The Caerulean Paradise-Flycatcher (Eutrichomyias rowleyi) from Sangihe Island, Sulawesi, graced the cover of the first issue of Conservation Biology in May 1987 and at that time was thought to be extinct. As we celebrate 20 years of Conservation Biology with a special anniversary issue (see pp. 629-712), we can also celebrate the good news that this species is in fact extant (see pp. 918-920) (painting by Stephen V. Nash; photo by Jon Riley).     

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Cover: Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in Arctic Alaska. For muskoxen and other large mammals, trait sizes can be measured noninvasively and relatively inexpensively in photographs. Such data are highly accurate and can be used to inform conservation policy (see pages 769‐777). Photographer: Art Wolfe ( http://www.artwolfe.com ) has worked in hundreds of locations spanning all continents. His photographic style draws on both art and journalism to document his subjects and educate his viewers. His goal is to obtain public support for conservation by focusing on what is beautiful on Earth. Wolfe has published over 60 books for adults and children, including The Living Wild, Vanishing Act, Edge of the Earth—Corner of the Sky, and The Art of Photographing Nature. His book Light on the Land was a gift of state during the Clinton administration, and he has received awards from diverse organizations, including the National Outdoor Book Awards and Graphis. Wolfe is a recipient of the Photographic Society of America's Progress Medal and the . rst Rachel Carson Award from the National Audubon Society.     

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Cover: Models predicting interactions between the native Iris hexagona (blue lines) and invasive Iris pseudacorus (yellow lines) in different disturbance scenarios. In benign (freshwater) conditions, the invasive eventually drives the native species to extinction (top left). Hurricanes (lower right) reverse this result by increasing salinity, to which the native is better adapted. Depending on frequency, hurricanes can eliminate the invasive entirely or allow the species to coexist. Photo of I.hexagona by Mark Tobler, modified by Karl Hasenstein to represent the duality of species interactions. See pages 164–173.     

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Cover: Wild vicuñas grazing on lands of the community of Tambo Cañahuas in the Salinas Aguada Blanca National Reserve, Arequipa, Peru (top), and a female vicuña being held by villagers prior to being shorn (bottom). Fiber obtained from this vicuña will be sold and exported, with proceeds going to the community on whose land it grazes.The vicuña will be released after shearing. Photos by Catherine Teresa Sahley. See pages 98–105.     

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Cover: Each year, over 1 million people journey to the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary for commercial whale-watching trips that view endangered whales, such as this breaching humpback. In an attempt to safeguard whales while providing viewers with an educational experience a voluntary conservation approach is being used in the area.The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration wrestles with the value of such voluntary approaches versus regulations as a management tool. See pages 450–457. Photo by Oktay Kaya.     

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Cover: Radar imagery can be used to map the locations from which migratory birds depart and to highlight important stopover sites. Shown are movements of long-distance migrants, such as the Blackburnian Warbler ( Dendroica fusca ), detected during spring migration near Buffalo, New York. Warbler photo by Charles Eiseman. See pages 440–448.