青海湖周边地区表层土壤重金属含量和抗性基因丰度及相关性

土壤重金属污染以及抗性基因的流行一直是全球关注的问题,已有许多研究报道了重金属和抗性基因在土壤中的含量,但是高原地区重金属和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)在土壤中的含量并不清楚.因此,调查分析了青海地区土壤中重金属和抗性基因的环境残留量和分布情况,并且探究了土壤中重金属含量和抗生素抗性基因之间的关系.在土壤样品中,重金属ω(Zn)最高［平均值:(50.27±19.88) mg·kg^-1］,其次是重金属ω(Cd)［平均值:(30.27±9.45) mg·kg^-1］,重金属ω(Hg)最低［平均值:(0.027±0.019) mg·kg^-1］.土壤中重金属抗性基因的亚型主要是czcA、merA和merP,它们主要功能是负责对Hg产生耐性.土壤中β-内酰胺酶抗性基因相对丰度(0.1505)最高,占ARGs总丰度的47.54%,四环素(tetracycline)耐药基因占ARGs总丰度的16.93%,FCA约占14.56%,MLSB约占8.77%.可移动的遗传元件(MGEs)多样性和相对丰度均较低,仅检测出tnpA01基因,intl 1和intl2未检出.相关性研究表明,土壤中Cu (r=-0.533,P=0.006)和Hg (r=0.692,P=0.006)含量与海拔高度呈显著负相关,其他重金属含量与海拔高度无显著相关性.此外,重金属含量与土壤类型显著相关(P<0.05).土壤中重金属Hg含量与czcA(r=0.692,P=0.006)、merA (r=0.816,P=0.007)和merP(r=0.594,P=0.02)之间存在显著正相关.研究结果阐明了重金属和ARGs在青藏高原地区的发生和分布,并发现土壤中重金属含量与抗性基因存在显著相关性.     

铜污染对土壤细菌群落结构及重金属抗性基因的影响

重金属Cu在土壤中长期积累会对微生物产生毒害作用,为了探究Cu污染对土壤细菌群落及重金属抗性基因的影响,本研究建立了不同Cu浓度（50、100、200、300、500、750和1000 mg·kg^-1）的土壤微宇宙,基于高通量测序和荧光定量PCR技术分析比较不同Cu浓度下培养14 d后土壤细菌群落及重金属抗性基因的变化.结果表明,当Cu浓度≤ 100 mg·kg^-1时,随着铜浓度增加细菌群落丰度和多样性增加;而Cu浓度≥ 500 mg·kg^-1时,Cu浓度的增加会导致细菌群落丰度和多样性显著降低（p<0.05）.随着Cu浓度的升高,变形菌门的相对丰度增加,酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度降低（p<0.05）;在属水平,溶杆菌属、黄杆菌属和Brevundimonas等13个属的相对丰度升高,而芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和Subgroup_6等17个属的相对丰度降低.抗性基因检测结果显示,当Cu浓度≥ 500mg·kg^-1时,重金属抗性基因的丰度显著高于其它样品中的丰度（p<0.05）,其中,copB、copA和czcA的丰度较高,copB和czcA与Cu浓度之间呈显著正相关（p<0.001）,而copA与Cu浓度则呈显著负相关（p<0.001）.网络分析表明,抗性基因丰度的升高或降低可能是由于Cu污染对其潜在宿主影响所造成.本研究结果表明,不同Cu污染水平下土壤细菌群落重金属抗性的选择影响着群落多样性的变化,也为重金属Cu污染修复提供了理论依据.     

微塑料对海水抗生素抗性基因的影响

水环境中的微塑料和微生物抗生素抗性基因复合污染已经发展成为全球性的重大环境问题,给人类健康和生态环境带来新的挑战.海水中的微塑料残留日益增加,但是不同种类微塑料对海水抗生素抗性基因的干扰和影响还不是很清楚.选择了聚乙烯（PE）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）和具有一定水溶性的聚乙烯醇（PVA）这3种乙烯基微塑料,采集海水并添加微塑料进行了曝气培养实验（49 d）,利用高通量定量PCR技术,研究微塑料对海水抗生素抗性基因的影响.结果表明,空白对照海水、添加PE海水、添加PVC海水和添加PVA海水抗生素抗性基因的种类分别为20、35、42和64种,微塑料使得海水中的抗生素抗性基因种类显著增多;在丰度水平上,空白对照海水、添加PE海水、添加PVC海水和添加PVA海水抗生素抗性基因的丰度分别为4.01×10⁶、2.75×10⁷、4.54×10⁷和1.05×10⁸ copies·L^-1,微塑料显著增加了海水中抗生素抗性基因的丰度.因此,相较于空白对照海水,微塑料显著增加了海水抗生素抗性基因多样性和丰度水平;OLS回归分析显示,抗生素抗性基因与16S rRNA基因和可移动遗传元件有着显著正相关关系,说明微生物的丰度和基因水平转移机制能够影响海水抗生素抗性基因的分布、存续和演变.     

玉米根际微生物氮磷转化的功能基因组学分析

化肥减量增效是保障农业生态环境安全的重要基础.微生物是调控土壤氮磷循环的关键驱动力,研究根际微生物氮磷转化功能可以为进一步提高土壤氮磷利用率提供微生物学调控途径.基于3种典型农田土壤（黑土、潮土和红壤）的田间微区试验,利用宏基因组测序技术研究玉米根际微生物在土壤氮磷转化过程中功能基因的差异及调控因子.结果表明,根际微生物功能多样性受土壤类型影响,黑土和潮土的根际微生物功能多样性主要受含水量和养分含量的影响,红壤受全磷（TP）和速效磷（AP）影响.在土壤氮转化方面,编码氮转化过程通路中相关酶的基因丰度以脲酶基因（ureC）和葡萄糖脱氢酶基因（gdh）丰度最高,分别为7.25×10^-5~12.88×10^-5和4.47×10^-5~7.49×10^-5.同化性硝酸盐还原的功能基因在红壤中总丰度要高于黑土和潮土,其它过程相关酶的功能基因总丰度以潮土最高.编码氮代谢过程相关酶的功能基因丰度主要受土壤细菌丰富度、全钾（TK）和TP含量的驱动.在土壤磷转化方面,催化有机磷矿化的碱性磷酸酶基因（phoD）数目为1093个,酸性磷酸酶基因（PHO）数目为42个.phoD丰度高出PHO丰度2个数量级,此外,同种土壤类型下施肥对phoD和PHO丰度没有显著影响.随机森林分析表明phoD和PHO丰度均受土壤水分、有机质（OM）和全氮（TN）显著影响,但AP含量对PHO丰度影响最大.从功能基因组水平研究了玉米根际微生物的氮磷转化特征,为利用微生物功能提高农田生态系统氮磷利用率提供了科学依据.     

土壤改良剂对再生水滴灌根际土壤菌群多样性及病原菌和抗生素抗性基因丰度的影响

基于再生水农业灌溉利用引发的人体健康和环境风险,通过施用土壤改良剂揭示再生水灌溉根际土壤菌群组成与多样性变化特征,并探讨土壤改良剂对根际土壤病原菌和抗生素抗性基因丰度变化的影响规律,对于土壤改良剂的合理施用具有指导意义.采用高通量测序技术和定量PCR检测方法,研究了生物质炭、生物有机肥、腐植酸、松土精和玉米酒糟对再生水滴灌根际土壤细菌群落多样性及特定基因丰度的影响.结果表明,生物质炭处理显著增加根际土壤有机质和总氮含量;生物有机肥处理显著增加EC值和有机质含量;玉米酒糟处理显著增加EC值、总氮和总磷含量（P<0.05）.除生物质炭处理外,其他各处理均能显著降低根际土壤pH （P<0.05）.5种改良剂处理下根际土壤细菌群落组成与多样性在纲和属水平上较相似,但其相对丰度存在差异.α-Proteobacteria、γ-Proteobacteria、Bacteroidia、Actinobacteria、Acidimicrobiia和Anaerolineae为所有处理中的优势菌纲,优势菌属组成包括：Pseudomonas、Sphingobium、Sphingomonas、Cellvibrio、Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium、Flavobacterium和Algoriphagus（相对丰度>1%）.环境因子关联分析表明,根际土壤细菌群落组成与pH、EC、总氮和总磷含量之间存在较强的关联.病原菌与抗生素抗性基因的检出丰度分别在10³~10⁷ copies ·g^-1和10⁴~10⁸ copies ·g^-1.改良剂对病原菌和抗生素抗性基因检出水平存在较大差异,生物有机肥、松土精和玉米酒糟处理均会导致部分抗生素抗性基因丰度显著增加,而腐植酸和玉米酒糟处理下丁香假单胞菌、茄科雷尔氏菌和大肠菌群丰度显著降低（P<0.05）.弓形菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、成团泛菌和粪拟杆菌与四环素类（tetA、tetB、tetO和tetQ）、磺胺类（sul1）和红霉素类（ermB和ermC）抗性基因丰度存在显著相关性.研究认为监测再生水灌溉下农业环境中病原菌和抗生素抗性基因的同时,也要关注土壤改良剂的合理施用避免加剧生物污染的散播.     

重庆开州区菜地土壤抗生素污染特征及潜在生态环境风险评估

农田土壤抗生素累积及其导致的生态风险已成为国内外研究的热点.采用调查问卷和实验分析相结合的方式,研究了重庆市开州区菜地土壤中四环素类、磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类和氯霉素类这5类抗生素的赋存特征,分析了抗生素含量和土壤理化指标的相关性,并评估其潜在生态环境风险.结果表明,菜地土壤存在抗生素累积,五大类共18种抗生素被检出,且以四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素为主.喹诺酮类抗生素检出率最高（15.38%~100%）,其中氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星检出率达100%;四环素类抗生素含量最高（0~42.88 μg ·kg^-1）,其中土霉素含量最高为42.88 μg ·kg^-1.菜地土壤中抗生素总量为1.64~233.11μg ·kg^-1;其中,空心菜地（89.73 μg ·kg^-1）>白菜地（32.53 μg ·kg^-1）>辣椒地（32.16 μg ·kg^-1）>西红柿地（32.13 μg ·kg^-1）>黄瓜地（26.46 μg ·kg^-1）>草地（7.32 μg ·kg^-1）.相关性分析结果表明,土壤中总抗生素含量与有机肥施用量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,与土壤pH呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）;土壤中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素含量和土壤含水量呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,而喹诺酮类抗生素含量与土壤速效磷、有机质含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）.潜在生态环境风险评估结果显示：开州区菜地土壤中四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素具有中度生态风险,其中62%~92%和62%~100%土样的喹诺酮类抗生素对土壤动物和微生物具有潜在毒性.     

寒冷地区IFAS+磁混凝污水厂菌群结构和抗生素抗性基因分析

为探究寒冷地区IFAS+磁混凝污水厂中菌群及其携带的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）变化,采用16S rRNA基因测序和宏基因组测序方法对新疆某城市污水厂进行研究.结果表明,绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）在活性污泥中的相对丰度平均值分别为3.50%和0.03%,在生物膜中的相对丰度分别达到10.02%和2.12%,NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率平均值分别由改造前的91.89%和66.76%提升至改造后的97.71%和91.90%,表明IFAS增强了寒冷地区污水厂的生物脱氮能力;生物处理段内与铁氧化还原有关的Ferruginibacter和红育菌属（Rhodoferax）的相对丰度平均值分别达到5.24%和3.72%,出水中红育菌属（Rhodoferax）的相对丰度达到9.48%,表明磁粉对菌群产生了影响;该厂对ARGs有明显的去除效果,ARGs的相对丰度由进水中的191.08×10^-3‰降至出水中的32.58×10^-3‰,活性污泥中ARGs相对丰度为63.25×10^-3‰~72.38×10^-3‰,明显高于生物膜中的41.31×10^-3‰,但sul2、floR和rpoB 2等ARGs优势亚型在生物膜中的相对丰度分别为5.77×10^-3‰、2.52×10^-3‰和2.03×10^-3‰,高于活性污泥中的3.15×10^-3‰~3.57×10^-3‰、1.73×10^-3‰~2.24×10^-3‰和1.28×10^-3‰~1.76×10^-3‰;网络分析结果表明,Caldilineaceae_norank与sul2呈显著正相关,毛球菌属（Trichococcus）与floR呈显著正相关.     

石化废水处理厂中耐药菌和耐药基因的分布特征与去除效能解析

抗生素耐药性污染已成为全球新兴环境问题之一.本研究选取某座石化废水处理厂,对耐药菌（ARB）和3种形态耐药基因（ARGs）：细胞内耐药基因（iARGs）、细胞外附着态耐药基因（aeARGs）和游离态耐药基因（feARGs）的分布特征与去除效能开展研究.结果表明,废水处理厂中检出四环素、磺胺和氨苄西林这3类ARB,其绝对浓度为8.45×10²~2.38×10⁵ CFU·mL^-1.厌氧处理可使这3类ARB绝对浓度下降0.04 lg~0.21 lg;曝气和沉淀处理对ARB的影响因其类型而异;出水ARB绝对浓度高出进水水平0.12 lg~0.63 lg.活性污泥中aeARGs和iARGs绝对丰度分别为1.96×10⁷~3.02×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1和5.22×10⁷~4.15×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1;而废水中feARGs绝对丰度为5.90×10⁸~1.01×10¹² copies·L^-1.厌氧处理可去除0.13 lg~0.65 lg aeARGs和0.04 lg~0.28 lg iARGs;曝气和沉淀处理对aeARGs和iARGs的去除效果受ARGs类型和形态影响;出水中feARGs绝对丰度较进水升高0.06 lg~0.81 lg.冗余分析表明,ARB浓度与COD、Cl^-和总氮浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）;aeARGs丰度与COD和总氮浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）;iARGs和feARGs丰度均与重金属浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）.本研究证实了石化废水处理厂具有ARB和不同形态ARGs的富集风险,并为特种工业废水耐药性污染研究与防治提供理论基础.     

高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

为揭示高垦殖丘陵区不同类型农用地土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征,分析了抗生素抗性基因在菜地、果园和耕地土壤中的丰度和多样性.结果表明,所有土壤样品中共检出70种抗生素抗性基因和4种可移动基因元件,其中β-内酰胺类cphA-01抗性基因是农用地土壤中相对丰度最高的耐药基因.在菜地和果园土壤中,主要的抗性基因亚型为cphA-01和cmx（A）,而耕地土壤以mexF和aacC基因为主.土壤中抗生素抗性基因的相对丰度和多样性均表现为：耕地<菜地<果园,这与不同农用地土壤的养分条件差异有关.类似地,土壤中可移动基因元件的相对丰度和多样性均以耕地土壤为最低,而其最高值分别出现在菜地和果园样品中.高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中可移动基因元件与抗生素抗性基因丰度呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,表明基因水平迁移可能促进抗生素抗性基因在高垦殖丘陵区农用地土壤环境中扩散.     

稻田土壤氧化亚氮产生潜势、反硝化功能基因丰度和群落结构的垂向分布

土壤中氧化亚氮（N₂O）的释放量占全球N₂O释放总量的60%.其中，稻田土壤是N₂O最主要的释放源.反硝化过程是稻田土壤N₂O生成的主要微生物过程之一.本研究选取广东韶关稻田垂向土壤（0~100 cm）为研究对象，通过乙炔抑制剂法测定了N₂O产生潜势和反硝化潜势，并利用针对特异性功能基因的实时荧光定量和高通量测序技术分别分析反硝化功能基因丰度和反硝化微生物群落结构.结果显示：0~10 cm深度的土壤样品N₂O产生潜势最高，可达（0.020±0.0035）μg·g^-1·h^-1.反硝化功能基因中，nirK基因的丰度峰值（（1.51±0.0015）×10⁸ copies·g^-1）出现在0~10 cm深度，而nosZ和nirS基因的丰度峰值（（4.29±0.0015）×10⁷ copies·g^-1和（8.86±0.0010）×10⁷ copies·g^-1）均出现在10~20 cm深度.稻田垂向土壤中N₂O产生潜势和相关的反硝化功能基因（nosZ、nirK和nirS）丰度均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低.其中在所有深度的土壤样品中nirK基因的丰度均高于nirS.基于nirK基因的高通量测序结果发现慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）的相对丰度最高（44.06%±6.14%，n=6）.相关性分析表明，稻田土壤中N₂O产生潜势与环境因子（TN、TC和含水率）、反硝化功能基因丰度以及慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium），罗河杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）和亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）的相对丰度呈正相关.上述结果表明稻田土壤中环境因子和反硝化功能基因丰度影响了N₂O产生潜势的垂向分布.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.