汾渭平原复杂地形影响下冬季PM2.5污染分布特征、来源及成因分析

汾渭平原受其复杂地形特征及产业结构影响,和京津冀、长三角地区一起被列为大气污染重点防治区域.本研究应用2014—2019年冬季中国环境监测总站汾渭平原各城市的六大空气污染物逐小时数据,结合欧洲中心ERA-5数据,利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型及T-model斜交旋转主成分分析法（PCT）,揭示过去6年汾渭平原冬季颗粒物浓度演变规律,厘清汾渭平原复杂地形影响下大气污染来源特征、潜在源区及成因,识别影响汾渭平原冬季空气污染的主要天气系统类型.HYSPLIT模拟结果表明,冬季喇叭口地形城市主要受本地和邻近区域污染源影响;山区盆地地形城市更易受到100~300 km距离以内污染源的传输影响,其中,来自陕北的气团对其影响最大;峡谷地形城市更易受到300~600 km范围内污染源的传输影响;平原地形城市的污染物浓度受区域传输的影响较大.影响汾渭平原冬季颗粒物重污染的天气系统可分为高压前部型、高压后部型、均压场型及低压倒槽型,其中,高压前部型是汾渭平原冬季重污染时段最易出现的天气形势.     

基于积累速率的汾渭平原秋冬季PM2.5污染特征及影响因素分析

为研究汾渭平原各城市PM_2.5污染特征及影响因素,利用2015—2019年汾渭平原11市秋冬季污染物逐时浓度,基于日变化分析构建了各城市慢速积累和快速积累的评价指标,量化了各城市的积累水平.结果表明：汾渭平原各城市PM_2.5积累水平差异显著,积累速率最快的城市是宝鸡,最慢的是三门峡;快速积累阈值最高的是临汾,最低的是三门峡.结合各地积累速率值的分布特征,11地市的积累水平可分为较强（宝鸡、临汾、吕梁、晋中）、中等（咸阳、渭南、铜川、运城、洛阳）和较弱（西安、三门峡）3种.积累速率多随浓度的增高呈上升趋势,其中吕梁和临汾最为显著,而西安增幅最小.从年变化来看,各地快速积累占比从2017年或2018年开始减少,从月变化来看,12月和1月为快速积累出现最多的月份.二次污染物和区域传输对PM_2.5积累速率均有影响,发生快速积累时,前体物SO₂和NO₂的浓度明显升高,二次反应显著;对临汾和西安的后向轨迹分析表明,西偏南方向气流的增加更易引起当地PM_2.5的快速积累.     

2017年汾渭平原东部大气颗粒物污染特征分析

高度集中的煤炭产业和繁忙的交通运输使得汾渭平原成为全国污染最严重的地区之一.利用中国环境监测总站发布的大气环境监测资料,以统计的方法分析了2017年汾渭平原东部三门峡市、运城市、渭南市、洛阳市的颗粒物质量浓度演变特征,并与北京市开展对比分析.结果表明:①2017年汾渭平原东部颗粒物污染形势较为严峻,ρ（PM_2.5）年均值范围为61~75 μg/m3,高于北京市（58 μg/m3）,ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（PM₁₀）范围为0.47~0.57,远低于北京市的0.66,说明汾渭平原东部一次颗粒物的贡献更为显著.②与北京市相比,汾渭平原东部重污染有效时数较长,在三门峡市、运城市、渭南市和洛阳市出现PM_2.5重度及以上污染过程的时数分别占全年总时数的6.56%、8.91%、9.23%和9.10%.但由于汾渭平原东部重污染期间颗粒物质量浓度较北京市低,因此造成汾渭平原东部和北京市重度及以上污染过程中颗粒物质量浓度平均值在颗粒物质量浓度年均值中占比基本相同.③汾渭平原东部颗粒物质量浓度的周变化特征与北京市有显著区别.④重污染期间,汾渭平原东部ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）的日变化特征与ρ（SO₂）相同,均呈白天高、夜间低的特征,而北京市ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）的日变化特征与ρ（SO₂）相反,呈白天低、夜间高的特征,说明汾渭平原东部特殊的能源结构、边界层动力演变和局地环流造成高架点源对重污染期间污染物质量浓度的影响较显著.研究显示,汾渭平原东部应该加强重污染期间高架点源的管控.      

粤港澳大湾区吸收性气溶胶的解析

为了解粤港澳（Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao,GHM）大湾区气溶胶污染现状,基于OMAERUV日产品数据,对粤港澳大湾区2008~2019年吸收性气溶胶指数（ultraviolet aerosol index,UVAI）的时空分布、未来趋势变化和潜在源区进行了分析,并对其影响因素进行了探讨.结果表明,GHM大湾区年时间序列上UVAI呈现出下降的趋势,年均下降为2.3%;月时间序列上从春季开始呈现倒"V"形,季节特征春季最高,冬、秋次之,夏季最低;空间上呈现中部区域一直属于高值区,12年年均UVAI高达0.35;UVAI分布在时间序列主要表现为可持续,有82.69%的区域在未来UVAI将呈现下降的趋势;GHM大湾区外部潜在源主要是东部工业产生的碳质源和海洋带来的生物源;UVAI潜在源区春季以碳质源和生物质源为主,夏季以生物质气溶胶源为主,秋季以碳质源占比最大,冬季沙尘性质气溶胶源有所增加;通过相关性分析,气溶胶和PM_2.5之间是相互依附的关系,工业生产活动是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,降水可以降低大气中因工业生成所产生的气溶胶含量,第二产业活动在气温升高的情况下会加快气溶胶的生成.     

粘土矿物比率对沙尘源区的指示

为了探讨中国北方沙尘源区矿物组成特征并建立沙尘气溶胶的矿物示踪指标,在亚太地区气溶胶特征实验(ACE-Asia)期间对新疆阿克苏、甘肃敦煌、陕西榆林和内蒙古通辽沙尘气溶胶的矿物组成进行了研究.结果显示,中国主要沙尘源区沙尘气溶胶中高岭石与绿泥石的比率存在明显差异,西部沙尘源区(以阿克苏站点为代表)高岭石与绿泥石的比值较小(平均值为0.3),而北部沙尘源区(以榆林站点为代表)高岭石与绿泥石的比值相对较高(平均值为0.7).沉降区长武尘暴样品的粘土矿物比率和气团轨迹分析证实,在区域范围,高岭石与绿泥石的比值为较好的沙尘源区矿物示踪指标.而亚洲沙尘与撒哈拉沙尘的对比显示,高岭石与绿泥石的比值在全球范围有着沙尘源区指示的意义.     

黄土高原黄土的成因:沙尘气溶胶源汇模拟与黄土堆积

黄土高原是重要的降尘区还是沙尘源区这一科学问题至今未有确切定论.本文利用北半球气溶胶区域气候模式NARCM,根据1995~2004年10a的模拟数据,分析了中国区域沙尘起沙量、沉降量以及沙尘的盈亏空间分布及风场,得到如下结论:1)沙漠及沙漠化地区是起沙量最大的区域、沉降量高值区集中在沙漠、沙漠化地区及其下风方向.黄土高原起沙量很小,而沉降量远大于起沙量.2)沙尘源区是沙漠及沙漠化地区,其余的地区则是沙尘汇区,降尘量由西北向东南递减.3)黄土高原因太行山和秦岭阻挡,处在最大的沙尘汇区.黄土高原的黄土是冰期和间冰期交替、经过漫长年代沙尘沉降的结果,模拟分析结论为黄土的风成学说提供了有力的证据.     

汾渭平原秋冬季PM2.5化学组分特征及其来源

汾渭平原是我国空气污染最严重的区域之一,2018年被列为重点区域. 本研究针对汾渭平原11城市开展PM_2.5化学组分连续观测,分析PM_2.5浓度和主要化学组分的时空分布规律,并利用PMF模型解析PM_2.5污染来源. 结果表明:①2018—2019年秋冬季汾渭平原11城市ρ(PM_2.5)平均值为(101.4±65.4)μg/m3,是京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市的1.1倍. 临汾市ρ(PM_2.5)最高(216.8 μg/m3),是汾渭平原的2.1倍. ②2018—2019年秋冬季汾渭平原PM_2.5的主要化学组分是有机物、硝酸根离子、地壳物质和硫酸根离子,其中地壳物质占比是京津冀及周边地区的1.6倍. ③受污染物排放、气象条件以及地理位置的影响,汾渭平原PM_2.5中有机物、硝酸根离子、地壳物质、硫酸根离子、铵根离子和氯离子的空间分布具有明显的差异性. ④随着污染的加重,硝酸根离子、硫酸根离子和氯离子在PM_2.5中的占比均逐渐增加,地壳物质、元素碳、微量元素等与一次排放相关的组分占比随污染加重逐渐减少,表明污染期间燃煤源管控仍需进一步加严,而对扬尘源和机动车等污染源的管控起到了良好的效果. ⑤重污染过程期间,相对湿度增加、风速减小是影响PM_2.5浓度上升的客观因素,二次组分以及与燃煤源和生物质燃烧源有关的化学组分的增长是影响PM_2.5浓度上升的重要原因,二次源和燃烧源是PM_2.5的主要来源. 研究显示,汾渭平原秋冬季PM_2.5污染较重,尤其需要关注燃烧源的管控.      

基于CMAQ模式的自适应“nudging”源反演方法的中国主要污染区排放特征分析

中国中东部地区的空气污染主要集中在京津冀、长三角、珠三角、东北地区及汾渭平原等区域，各区域的污染排放特征各异.本文应用基于CMAQ（The Community Multiscale Air Quality）模式的自适应"nudging"源反演方法，反演中国中东部地区2016年12月—2017年1月逐日NO_x污染源，分析上述主要污染区的污染物排放强度空间分布特征，并与2016年MEIC（The Multi-resolution emission inventory for China）排放源进行比较，检验反演源的可靠性.结果表明，2016年冬季各个区域反演源NO_x排放强度空间分布特征与2016年MEIC排放源基本一致.京津冀地区高强度排放区域形成沿山前区域东北-西南走向的NO_x高强度排放带；长三角地区NO_x高强度排放区域位于常州、苏州、上海和湖州等城市构成的城市群；珠三角地区NO_x高强度排放区域位于以广州为中心的大范围城市群且排放强度呈现向四周逐渐降低的放射状分布；东北地区NO_x高强度排放区域空间分布特征呈现以城市为中心且稀疏分布；汾渭平原排放区域呈现以城市为中心且向峡谷中间集中分布，排放区域轮廓与汾渭平原狭长的新月状相符.     

太原市秋冬季大气污染特征和输送路径及潜在源区分析

采用环境空气质量指数(AQI)统计分析了2014～2018年太原市全年及秋冬季污染特征,并采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型计算了2014～2017年秋冬季逐时后向轨迹,结合太原市AQI,通过聚类分析、潜在源贡献因子和浓度权重轨迹方法对影响太原市的污染物输送路径和潜在源区进行了分析.结果表明,太原市污染状况不容乐观,太原市2014～2018年全年优良天数波动较大,尤其近两年从64%下降到不足50%;然而秋冬季优良天数稳步上升,2018年超过50%,空气质量有好转趋势.污染类型可能发生变化,全年及秋冬季PM_(2.5)为首要污染物的污染天数下降显著,PM_(10)为首要污染物的天数上升明显.聚类分析2014～2017年秋冬季太原的后向轨迹,53%的气团来自偏西方向,21%来自西北方向,12%来自西南方向,14%来自偏东方向,其中西南方向轨迹是外来污染物输送进入太原的主要轨迹,对太原空气质量有显著影响.PSCF和CWT分析表明,影响太原空气质量的重要潜在源区主要位于汾渭平原的陕西汉中、西安和山西的吕梁、临汾等地.建立汾渭平原及其周边区域联防联控机制对控制区域污染有着重要意义.     

汾渭平原PM2.5浓度的影响因素及空间溢出效应

基于实时监测和遥感反演数据,利用空间自相关分析和空间回归分析等方法,探讨了汾渭平原2015~2017年PM_2.5浓度时空变化规律和影响因素,揭示了各因素的空间溢出效应.结果表明：（1）2015~2017年汾渭平原PM_2.5浓度逐年上升,主要由采暖期（11月~次年3月）的快速上升引起,非采暖期（4~10月）年际变化不大.（2）PM_2.5月均浓度变化曲线呈底部宽缓的U型,采暖期PM_2.5污染明显高于非采暖期,超标天数占全年总超标天数比例由2015年的75.0%上升到2017年的83.4%.（3）2015~2017年,除铜川和三门峡外,各城市PM_2.5浓度都有不同程度的上升.咸阳至运城间的平原地区和洛阳盆地污染最严重,已形成连片的高污染区域,且区域内城乡差异小.临汾及其上游平原地区其次,但主要分布在城镇,城乡差异较大.（4）空间回归分析表明,汾渭平原PM_2.5浓度有显著的空间溢出效应.年均气温、城镇化率、能源消费指数和年均人口不仅与本地PM_2.5浓度有显著的正相关,而且会加重邻近地区PM_2.5污染.年降水量和地形起伏度则不仅与本地PM_2.5浓度有显著的负相关,而且能降低邻近地区PM_2.5浓度.风的传输作用能加重本地PM_2.5污染,植被覆盖度能消减本地PM_2.5浓度,但其间接效应都不显著.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.