围垦养殖对中国典型滨海湿地土壤真菌多样性及群落结构影响

本研究以我国黄河口碱蓬湿地、九龙江口桐花树湿地、东寨港木榄湿地为研究样地,借助高通量测序技术探究这3个典型滨海湿地围垦养殖前、后土壤真菌多样性及群落结构的变化.结果表明：①不同地域湿地围垦养殖对土壤真菌群落多样性及丰富度影响表现不一致.九龙江口桐花树湿地围垦后,土壤真菌多样性及丰富度有所下降;黄河口碱蓬湿地和东寨港木榄湿地围垦后土壤真菌多样性及丰富度显著增加;②子囊菌门（Ascomycota）在湿地围垦养殖前、后土壤中均为优势真菌门,但其相对丰度在围垦后显著下降;③湿地围垦养殖改变了土壤真菌属水平群落组成,黄河口湿地围垦后,未出现翅孢壳属（Emericellopsis）、毛霉属（Mucor）、枝顶孢属（Acremonium）;九龙江口和东寨港湿地围垦后,青霉属（Penicillium）相对丰度显著下降,并新增了镰刀菌属（Fusarium）,九龙江口湿地围垦后还新增了链格孢属（Alternaria）;④环境因子与湿地土壤真菌相对丰度存在一定程度的相关性,青霉属（Penicillium）与容重呈显著负相关（p<0.05）,与pH呈显著负相关（p<0.01）,与有机碳呈显著正相关（p<0.01）;翅孢壳属（Emericellopsis）与容重和pH呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,与有机碳呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.     

互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤细菌群落结构及多样性影响

本研究以闽江口秋茄湿地、漳江口白骨壤湿地和闽江口芦苇湿地为研究地点,采集土壤样品并通过高通量测序分析了土壤细菌的群落结构及其多样性,以此探讨互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明：①互花米草入侵河口湿地后,改变了湿地土壤细菌种类的相对丰度,且入侵不同的湿地群落,细菌优势菌属及相对丰度具有差异;②互花米草入侵秋茄和芦苇湿地后使土壤细菌多样性升高,互花米草入侵白骨壤湿地后使土壤细菌多样性降低;③互花米草入侵并未明显改变细菌门水平的群落组成,湿地土壤主要的细菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;④互花米草入侵改变了湿地土壤细菌的优势菌属,使白骨壤湿地土壤Ruminococcus_2、Faecalibacterium的相对丰度降低,同时白骨壤湿地土壤出现了Thiohalophilus、Hallea等优势菌属;⑤环境因子和活性碳组分能够影响湿地土壤中细菌的相对丰度,细菌Thiohalophilus的相对丰度与湿地土壤盐度呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,Sideroxydans的相对丰度与湿地土壤pH呈显著负相关（p<0.01）,Ruminococcus_2的相对丰度与土壤易分解有机碳（LOC）呈显著负相关（p<0.01）;Blautia、Bacteroidess的相对丰度与土壤可溶性有机碳（DOC）呈显著正相关（p<0.01）.本研究可为深入研究互花米草入侵机制及生态影响提供重要科学依据.     

互花米草入侵对河口湿地铁还原菌群落结构及多样性影响

互花米草是河口湿地典型的入侵物种,为了探究互花米草入侵对河口湿地铁还原菌群落结构及多样性影响,以闽江口秋茄湿地、闽江口芦苇湿地和漳江口白骨壤湿地3个典型的湿地为研究对象,分别对互花米草入侵前后土壤铁还原菌群落进行测定与分析.结果表明：①互花米草入侵使白骨壤湿地和芦苇湿地土壤铁还原菌多样性升高,使秋茄湿地铁还原菌多样性降低;②互花米草入侵白骨壤湿地后拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度显著降低,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）铁还原菌的相对丰度显著提高（p<0.05）;③互花米草入侵使湿地土壤铁还原菌的优势菌属发生演替.互花米草入侵后,秋茄湿地中优势菌属除硫单胞菌（Desulfuromonas）的丰度显著降低成为非优势菌属,而厌氧粘细菌（Anaeromyxobacter）的丰度显著提高成为第三优势菌属;白骨壤湿地中互花米草入侵后拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）的丰度显著降低成为非优势菌属;④环境因子及碳组分影响湿地土壤铁还原菌的相对丰度,Geobacter的相对丰度与可溶性有机碳、土壤微生物量碳均呈显著负相关（p<0.01）,Halothiobacillus的相对丰度与土壤总有机碳（SOC）呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,与土壤微生物量碳（MBC）呈显著负相关（p<0.05）.研究结果可为治理互花米草过程中微生物多样性的恢复提供科学依据.     

滨海湿地围垦养殖后土壤铁分布与铁氧化菌群落特征

探究滨海湿地围垦养殖后各形态铁的分布以及铁氧化菌的群落特征,对湿地生物地球化学过程具有重要的指示意义.本研究选择九龙江口桐花树湿地、东寨港木榄湿地、黄河口碱蓬湿地为研究样地.分别对样地土壤中的各形态铁及相关指标进行测定,并借助高通量测序对土壤铁氧化菌进行测定与分析.结果显示：(1)九龙江口与东寨港围垦前后土壤理化性质的变化趋势一致,土壤含水量、盐度降低,土壤容重、pH值上升,但黄河口土壤含水量、容重、pH的变化趋势有所不同.(2)围垦后Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)比值在九龙江口有所降低、在东寨港有所上升,但差异不显著(p<0.05),在黄河口却显著降低(p<0.05).(3)围垦后无定形态铁(Feo)与络合态铁(Fep)在九龙江口、东寨港均显著降低(p<0.05),在黄河口则显著上升(p<0.05).(4)基于高通量测序和微生物分类学分析,九龙江口桐花树湿地海小杆菌(Marinobacterium)、九龙江养殖塘海杆菌(Marinobacter)、海南木榄湿地与养殖塘绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas)、黄河口碱蓬湿地脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、黄河口养殖...     

松花江下游沿江湿地土地利用变化对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

本研究旨在明确生境质量变化对土壤细菌群落的影响,为松花江退化湿地选择科学的修复方法提供参考依据.于2018年使用Illumina MiSeq PE300第二代高通量测序平台对松花江下游的5种土地利用类型湿地（天然湿地、稻田地、玉米田、采砂迹地及恢复湿地）土壤细菌16S rDNA进行测序,分析不同土地利用类型土壤细菌群落多样性和功能的差异.结果表明：沿江湿地开垦为玉米田造成土壤细菌的Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数显著降低（P<0.05）,采砂迹地的仿湿地修复使土壤细菌的Ace、Chao1和Shannon指数显著提高（P<0.05）.天然湿地、稻田、玉米田和采砂迹地的土壤细菌群落结构差异显著（P<0.05）,采砂迹地与恢复湿地的土壤细菌群落结构相似.沿江湿地土壤细菌划分为40门、105纲、258目、421科、802属和1673种,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、疣微菌门、厚壁菌门和芽单胞菌门为各样地共有的优势菌门（相对丰度>1%）.相比之下,拟杆菌门偏好稻田土壤环境,变形菌门和芽单胞菌门偏好玉米田土壤环境,放线菌门偏好采砂迹地土壤环境.湿地土壤细菌具有新陈代谢、环境信息处理、遗传信息处理、细胞过程、人类疾病和有机系统这6类一级代谢通路、46类二级代谢通路和19类主要二级代谢通路（相对丰度>1%）.土壤pH、含水量、碱解氮和碳氮比是沿江湿地土壤细菌群落多样性的主要影响因子.由此可见,改变沿江湿地土地用途降低了土壤生态系统稳定性,增加了湿地退化的潜在生态风险.     

互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤真菌群落结构及多样性影响

河口湿地是遭受互花米草入侵的主要区域,为了探究互花米草入侵对河口湿地土壤真菌的影响,以秋茄湿地、芦苇湿地,白骨壤湿地3种典型的湿地为研究对象,借助高通量测序技术对其土壤真菌丰富度及多样性进行分析.结果表明：①白骨壤湿地受到入侵后,土壤盐度、含水量、容重均发生了显著的变化（p<0.05）;②子囊菌门（Ascomycota）相对丰度在互花米草入侵红树林湿地和芦苇湿地后变化均较大,秋茄湿地土壤组织胞浆菌属（Histoplasma）相对丰度降低;芦苇湿地土壤假丝酵母菌属（Pseudeurotium）相对丰度有所增加;③互花米草入侵白骨壤湿地后,土壤真菌多样性升高;互花米草入侵秋茄和芦苇湿地后,土壤真菌多样性降低;④互花米草入侵白骨壤湿地和芦苇湿地后土壤真菌群落结构差异最大;⑤环境因子能够影响湿地土壤中真菌的相对丰度,Talaromyces的相对丰度与土壤盐度呈显著正相关（p<0.01）,Penicillium的相对丰度与土壤含水量呈显著正相关（p<0.01）,Pseudeurotium、Toxicocladosporium与土壤pH呈显著负相关（p<0.01）.本研究可为治理互花米草过程中微生物多样性的保育提供重要的数据支撑.     

铜污染对土壤细菌群落结构及重金属抗性基因的影响

重金属Cu在土壤中长期积累会对微生物产生毒害作用,为了探究Cu污染对土壤细菌群落及重金属抗性基因的影响,本研究建立了不同Cu浓度（50、100、200、300、500、750和1000 mg·kg^-1）的土壤微宇宙,基于高通量测序和荧光定量PCR技术分析比较不同Cu浓度下培养14 d后土壤细菌群落及重金属抗性基因的变化.结果表明,当Cu浓度≤ 100 mg·kg^-1时,随着铜浓度增加细菌群落丰度和多样性增加;而Cu浓度≥ 500 mg·kg^-1时,Cu浓度的增加会导致细菌群落丰度和多样性显著降低（p<0.05）.随着Cu浓度的升高,变形菌门的相对丰度增加,酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度降低（p<0.05）;在属水平,溶杆菌属、黄杆菌属和Brevundimonas等13个属的相对丰度升高,而芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和Subgroup_6等17个属的相对丰度降低.抗性基因检测结果显示,当Cu浓度≥ 500mg·kg^-1时,重金属抗性基因的丰度显著高于其它样品中的丰度（p<0.05）,其中,copB、copA和czcA的丰度较高,copB和czcA与Cu浓度之间呈显著正相关（p<0.001）,而copA与Cu浓度则呈显著负相关（p<0.001）.网络分析表明,抗性基因丰度的升高或降低可能是由于Cu污染对其潜在宿主影响所造成.本研究结果表明,不同Cu污染水平下土壤细菌群落重金属抗性的选择影响着群落多样性的变化,也为重金属Cu污染修复提供了理论依据.     

土地利用变化对松花江下游湿地土壤真菌群落结构及功能的影响

本研究通过分析土地利用变化对沿江湿地土壤真菌群落结构与功能的影响,识别受损滨江湿地的自然恢复潜力,以期为松花江湿地资源管理和保护提供理论依据.于2018年7月,通过采集松花江下游自然湿地、水稻田、采砂迹地和恢复湿地的土壤,对土壤真菌ITS间隔区定向酶扩增,并使用Illumina MiSeq PE300二代高通量测序平台进行测序,分析不同类型样地土壤真菌群落组成和功能的差异及其影响因素.结果表明,沿江湿地开垦为稻田或进行采砂活动可造成土壤真菌α多样性指数显著降低（P<0.05）,采砂迹地被修复为人工湿地后可显著提高土壤真菌Ace和Chao1指数（P<0.05）.稻田与其它3种土地利用类型的土壤真菌群落结构差异显著（P<0.05）.沿江湿地土壤真菌划分为16个菌门,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、被孢菌门（Mortierellomycota）和隐真菌门（Rozellomycota）为沿江湿地的主要真菌门类（相对丰度>1%）.自然湿地和恢复湿地的真菌功能群以外生菌根真菌为主,辅以苔藓寄生真菌、地衣寄生真菌和杜鹃花类菌根真菌,稻田和采砂迹地的主要功能菌群以凋落物腐生菌和土壤腐生菌为主.动植物病原菌群在稻田中的相对丰度显著高于其它样地（P<0.05）.土壤pH、总碳、有机碳、总氮和总磷是土壤真菌群落多样性的主要影响因子.由此可见,在自然湿地进行资源开发增加了潜在的生态风险,降低了生态系统稳定性.     

鄱阳湖湿地淹水与非淹水状态下微塑料表面细菌群落分布特征

粒径小于5 mm的塑料微粒被称为微塑料,微塑料在环境中广泛存在且会造成许多负面影响.选取鄱阳湖碟形湖湿地为研究区,以碟形湖湿地淹水和非淹水状态下沉积物中的微塑料为研究对象,采集沉积物、水体以及淹水和非淹水状态下沉积物中微塑料样品.利用16S高通量测序技术分析沉积物、水体和微塑料表面细菌群落结构分布特征.α多样性分析结果表明,环境中细菌丰富度和多样性与微塑料表面存在显著差异,淹水和非淹水状态下微塑料表面细菌丰富度和多样性均低于周围环境.主坐标分析结果表明非淹水状态下微塑料表面细菌群落受沉积物影响较大,淹水状态下微塑料表面细菌群落受水体影响较大.微塑料表面细菌群落结构和周围环境亦表现出明显差异,与水体和沉积物样品相比,非淹水状态下微塑料表面变形菌门（Proteobacteria）相对丰度显著增加,而淹水状态下微塑料表面细菌拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）相对丰度增加.沉积物中细菌主要由大量丰度<1%的其他细菌属组成,而微塑料表面细菌群落有明显优势种.非淹水状态下微塑料表面细菌属水平主要由黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）、马赛菌属（Massilia）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）组成,淹水状态下微塑料表面细菌属水平中黄杆菌属相对丰度最高.假单胞菌属是未来塑料生物降解的重点研究对象.研究可进一步提高对湖泊湿地生态系统微塑料污染的认识,并为湖泊环境管理提供理论依据.     

酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响

为实现酱香型酒糟资源化综合利用和黄壤氮素有效性提升,采取田间培养试验,通过设置5个生物炭施用量0%（MB₀）、0.5%（MB_0.5）、1.0%（MB_1.0）、2.0%（MB_2.0）和4.0%（MB_4.0）,研究酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明,施用酒糟生物炭使土壤全氮（TN）和硝态氮（NN）含量分别提高35.79%~365.26%和122.96%~171.80%,微生物量氮（MBN）含量降低34.10%~59.95%,且随着生物炭施用量的增加,铵态氮/全氮（AN/TN）、硝态氮/全氮（NN/TN）和微生物量氮/全氮（MBN/TN）呈现出降低趋势.施用酒糟生物炭显著降低了土壤细菌OTU数量、群落丰富度和多样性,且随酒糟生物炭施用量的增加,该影响程度随之增加.与未施用酒糟生物炭MB₀处理相比,酒糟生物炭的施用显著改变土壤细菌群落结构,随着生物炭施用量的增加,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度提高了1.76~2.11倍,而酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、装甲菌门（Armatimonadetes）、奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）和硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）相对丰度均出现不同程度的降低,均以MB_4.0处理降幅最为显著.同时,酒糟生物炭的施用还增加了一些土壤功能细菌的相对丰度,如链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、极小单胞菌属（Pusillimonas）等,降低了溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）和芽孢杆菌属（Gemmatimonas）等优势菌属的相对丰度.此外,冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,MBN/TN、NN和MBN是引起土壤细菌群落结构变化的主要氮素环境因子,而且MBN/TN、MBN与奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）和硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）均呈显著正相关性,说明短期内酒糟生物炭的施用可以显著降低氨氧化古菌和硝化细菌的丰度,抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化速率,提高土壤氮素有效性.综上所述,短期内施用酒糟生物炭可以提高黄壤氮素养分,改变土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,并可以通过抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化作用有效阻控土壤氮素淋溶发生的风险,提高土壤氮素有效性.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.