基于不同出行方式的城市微观主体碳排放研究

从城市微观主体的角度出发,通过构建城市微观主体碳排放评测模型,探讨了城市微观主体土地利用模式对碳排放的影响。以南京市某单位为例,采用交通周转量与连续逼近法,对研究单位园区间流通带来的碳排放进行了评测。结果表明,交通方式的选择对碳排放量的影响较显著,不同交通方式的碳排放量排序为:城市公交<综合交通<单位通勤<私人轿车。     

杭州快速路、主次干道植物群落降噪功能比较研究

城市绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,在改善城市生态系统方面有重要作用。现今交通是城市环境中的主要噪声来源,城市道路绿地是交通噪声治理的有效方式之一。本文选取杭州市西湖区不同等级的三条道路(紫金港路、天目山路和丰潭路)作为研究对象,利用手持噪声测量仪测量实时噪声对不同道路等级和距离的绿地降噪效果进行分析。研究发现,杭州市三条道路存在以下问题:(1)噪声距离道路越远越低,且噪声平均衰减率表明绿地降噪效果为主干道次干道快速路;(2)配置模式为乔木+灌木+地被的绿地植物群落的降噪效果最佳,且乔木和灌木交错的种植形式在降噪效果上优于灌木在前、乔木在后的排列式种植;(3)当道路绿地宽达到15m时,植物群落降噪效果会有大幅度提升,且快速路与次干道在距离为15m处,植物群落降噪能力最佳。     

灰关联熵分析方法在城市交通环境噪声研究中的应用

灰关联分析在城市环境噪声研究中是一种非常有效的手段。作者采用基于信息熵理论的灰关联熵分析方法对广州市交通噪声进行分析,指出了影响其变化的优势因素,为噪声污染防治提供了科学依据。     

城市生态环境质量评价——以南充市为例

以可持续发展理论为指导,结合南充生态城市建设的要求,对南充城市生态环境进行定量评价并提出改进对策。采用城市空气污染指数API等23个指标,应用层次分析法对四川省第二座大城市南充的生态环境质量进行定量评价,2010年南充城市的生态质量综合值P为0.67,达到Ⅲ级标准,城市生态可持续发展水平状况良好。伴随着快速的城市化和人口激增,南充城市生态问题日益突出。主要问题表现为:老城区交通拥堵、绿地面积小、建筑屋间距不够,城市环境指数低,工业园区建设与城市房地产开发占用较多土地,城市原生态的生态-地貌景观被人为过度的破坏与改造,城市经济有待进一步发展。     

Using nighttime light data to estimate water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas

Urbanization has a great impact on urban evapotranspiration. Water evaporation inside buildings is an important part of urban water vapor resources and a crucial core of urban hydrological processes. The systematic studies on building water evaporation (BWE) are mostly the method of experimental monitoring. This study proposed a new method to simulate and estimate water evaporation flux inside buildings in urban areas. Based on the nighttime light data and urban per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a new modeling system was built to simulate the total BWE. Building area was calculated using the nighttime light data. And the BWE coefficient D_f was estimated according to the important indicator of economic development per capita GDP value. Then the water evaporation inside urban buildings and the spatial distribution of water evaporation inside buildings in typical cities could be obtained. The results showed that the total amount of water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas was 24.5 billion m³. Among the 31 provincial capitals in China, Shanghai had the largest BWE of 1.08 billion m³. The minimum water evaporation of buildings in Lhasa was 20.0 million m³. Studies of BWE can assess urban water budgets, support on-demand allocation of water resources, and provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between water resources and energy heat island effects in urban areas.     

Resistance of Villages to Elevated-Road Traffic Noise

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the methods of reducing elevated-road traffic-noise levels in rural residential areas by controlling the relative locations and morphological parameters and to investigate the effect of noise barriers on noise attenuation along elevated roads and building facades in villages. This study selected six morphological parameters and used noise-mapping techniques to estimate the noise attenuation in 60 village sites. The results indicate that ‘quiet areas’ increase by approximately 10% for each additional 100 m increase in the distance between the elevated road and the village. The best strategy for noise reduction is keeping the elevated road 1,000 m away from the village and raising the road height to 20 m. The building façade conditions only affect the traffic noise level attenuation when the buildings are within 100 m of the elevated road. It was found that the cost-effective length of the road noise barrier is 600 m on both sides of the village parallel to the road. The results highlight the importance of using morphology to improve the traffic noise resistance of villages. The landscape shape indices of buildings and roads are the most important parameters that affect the traffic noise attenuation of elevated roads.     

Multiple environmental burdens and neighborhood-related health of city residents

Urban living environments are known to influence human well-being and health; however, little is known about the multidimensionality of different environmental burdens. The aim of this study is to examine the relations between multiple burdens and self-rated health of city residents in Berlin. A spatial analysis was conducted to determine neighborhood street blocks with high versus low levels of three environmental burdens (traffic noise, air pollution, lack of public green space) as study sites for a cross-sectional household questionnaire. Burden level served as a dichotomous predictor to compare residents' self-reports of neighborhood satisfaction, life satisfaction, health behavior, and psychological and physical health symptoms. Residents from high-burden blocks appraised the environmental conditions more stressful, reported poorer health behavior and were less satisfied with their neighborhood than residents from low-burden blocks. However, they did not differ in regard to more general health symptoms. Three other burdens (behavior-related noise, litter and dirt in public space, lack of urban vegetation), which could not be varied objectively, were assessed by their perceived intensity. Regression analyses of the relations between the perceived levels of all six burdens and outcomes in the total sample revealed the following: Neighborhood satisfaction could be predicted from multiple stressors and resources that co-occur independently, while more general health symptoms were related only to perceived air pollution. The results have implications for both urban planning and public health.     

高速公路声敏感点降噪措施改善研究

以四川省某高速公路沿线的居民噪声投诉案件为例,开展了敏感点声环境质量现状及既有声屏障措施效果调查分析,并采用文献调研及Cadna/A软件建模计算的方法,分别从噪声源、噪声传播途径、敏感建筑物三个层次进行了敏感点降噪措施改善研究,研究结果可为高速公路营运单位解决实际噪声扰民问题提供技术支撑,研究过程及方法可供类似项目参考...     

新乡市声环境质量现状及其改善对策研究

以中原城市群强市-新乡市为例,介绍城市环境噪声的声源构成主要以工业噪声和社会生活噪声为主。随着城镇化规模的扩大,近年来的噪声监测值总体呈下降趋势,但道路交通噪声和社会生活噪声有增高趋势。结合声环境质量现状,提出了合理规划功能区布局、加强声环境管理、利用城市绿地降低噪声、提高单体建筑规划设计水平等改善对策措施。     

大连金州区城市交通噪声的监测分析与防治对策

通过对大连市金州区城市交通噪声污染状况进行调查、监测,发现城市交通噪声污染状况不容忽视,提出了扩建城市环城公路、拓展和平整路面、噪声技术治理以及加强城市交通管理等城市交通噪声综合防治的对策。     

城市蔓延、私人交通与雾霾污染

本文选取中国280个地级市2009—2018年的面板数据为研究样本,探究城市蔓延与雾霾污染之间的作用机制。以私人交通为门槛变量,考察城市蔓延对雾霾污染的门槛效应。研究结果表明：(1)城市蔓延对雾霾污染的影响呈现出先降后升的U形曲线特点;(2)私人交通对雾霾污染的影响表现为倒U形的曲线特征,即随着私人交通发展水平的提高,雾霾污染呈现先增后减的趋势;(3)城市蔓延对雾霾污染的影响存在双重门槛效应,当私人交通的门槛值小于第一个门槛值(e^11.6130=110 525辆)时,城市蔓延会加剧雾霾污染;当私人交通的门槛值介于第一个门槛值和第二个门槛值(e^12.2473=208 417辆)之间时,城市蔓延对雾霾污染的影响系数为正,但未通过显著性检验;当私人交通跨过第二个门槛值时,城市蔓延水平的提高有助于抑制雾霾污染。研究城市蔓延、私人交通与雾霾污染这三者之间的关系对于促进城市的健康可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

A survey of rainstorms as weather hazards in southern Nigeria

This paper examines the role played by winds as a weather hazard in urban centres of southern Nigeria. It is observed that strong winds associated with rainstorms at the beginning of the rainy season are a threat to urban centres as they directly affect buildings and infrastructure. Wind hazards also have indirect social and economic consequences on the communities affected. Much of the damage done to buildings is as a result of inappropriate building designs that have not taken into consideration the wind environment. An inventory of reports of damage caused by winds during the first half of 1995 showed that different towns in eight states were affected. These incidences occurred mainly at the beginning of the rainy season when strong winds are associated with linesqualls. Although wind related hazards have not been adequately acknowledged as an environmental problem that needs to be properly addressed in Nigeria, as in the case of flooding, results have shown that it is a problem that requires government intervention in view of global climate change and consequent extreme weather events. Wind hazard awareness and preparedness as integral aspects of development policy and planning of the environment is therefore needed in West African countries where linesqualls are very significant rain producers.     

基于BP模型对城市交通噪声的数据处理和预测

城市交通噪声的预测和评价技术是城市交通可持续发展的重要研究内容,直接为城市交通规划中环境容量分析和环境影响评价服务。本文通过实测的大量数据,运用神经网络中的BP模型及其算法建立车辆数、道路宽度和交通噪声之间的关系,对城市道路交通噪声数据进行处理和预测。     

油气田噪声对环境的影响

噪声对人体在生理及心理上的危害和影响是相当严重的。随着油气田开发建设的进展，油气田环境噪声污染日益引起人们的关注。弄清油气田噪声污染及治理现状，正确预测噪声污染的发展趋势，将有利于噪声污染的控制和治理。通过对1986年以来油气田噪声监测数据的统计，详细阐述了区域环境、功能区及道路交通三方面的噪声污染现状，指出交通、工业、施工和生活等噪声源是我国城市目前主要的噪声污染源，预测了我国噪声污染将继续增大的发展趋势并提出了相应的控制和治理措施以及改革建议。     

四川省城市声环境质量状况与分析

根据四川省2007年城市功能区声环境、城市区域声环境和道路交通声环境数据,阐明全省城市声环境质量现状,分析城市声源构成、各等级声覆盖率及其变化趋势.与国内一般情况相比,四川省城市声源构成具有社会生活噪声影响范围更最广,交通噪声影响范围较小等特点.四川省城市环境质量状况总体上处于较好水平,且有逐年下降趋势.同时,存在部分不同程度的噪声污染区,甚至存在一定程度的重度污染区.     

Use of Small-area Data to Support a Community Agenda in Boston Chinatown

Boston Chinatown is a community that grapples with a constant pressure from the downtown area to build new and larger buildings. The effort to preserve the residential aspect of Chinatown has used data analysis in recent years by forming partnerships with academics. This has allowed for more sophisticated studies of traffic injuries, scientific surveys of residents about environmental health, the measurement of noise levels and the construction of physical and electronic mapping of data. While not the only factor contributing to the community's efforts to question the role of development, these data have added useful tools that reduce, but do not eliminate, the disparity between what the community brings to discussions about the environmental impact of development and what the developers have at their disposal.     

基于Cadna/A软件的城市交通十字路口噪声预测研究

通过分析城市十字路口噪声源的特点,采用Cadna/A噪声模拟软件建立十字路口交通预测模型,对十字路口周边声场分布情况进行了模拟研究,研究发现在选定的十字路口,交通噪声对周边环境影响较大,面向道路一侧昼间最大噪声值为72.9dB(A),夜间最大噪声值为64.5dB(A),背向道路一侧昼间最大噪声值为65.4dB(A),夜间最大噪声值为57.2 dB(A),本次研究的成果对于交通规划、噪声评价都具有十分重要的现实意义。     

伊宁市市区道路交通噪声污染状况调查及防治对策

根据伊宁市市区道路交通噪声的污染状况的调查,分析了产生交通噪声污染的原因,提出防治交通噪声污染的对策。     

Use of Small-area Data to Support a Community Agenda in Boston Chinatown

Boston Chinatown is a community that grapples with a constant pressure from the downtown area to build new and larger buildings. The effort to preserve the residential aspect of Chinatown has used data analysis in recent years by forming partnerships with academics. This has allowed for more sophisticated studies of traffic injuries, scientific surveys of residents about environmental health, the measurement of noise levels and the construction of physical and electronic mapping of data. While not the only factor contributing to the community's efforts to question the role of development, these data have added useful tools that reduce, but do not eliminate, the disparity between what the community brings to discussions about the environmental impact of development and what the developers have at their disposal.     

The multifunctionality of urban farming: perceived benefits for neighbourhood improvement

Urban farming – a type of urban agriculture focused on entrepreneurial food production – serves multiple functions in neighbourhoods; yet these are not well delineated. Expectations for urban farming often centre on traditional measures of economic development, potentially overlooking other benefits. Through a qualitative case study conducted in Baltimore, Maryland, we sought to understand community perceptions regarding the ways in which urban farms can benefit cities. Interviews with residents, neighbourhood leaders, and urban farmers in three residential neighbourhoods with urban farms revealed the pathways by which community members view farms as improving neighbourhoods. Benefits stemmed from four primary changes urban farms made to study neighbourhoods: creation of public projects welcoming involvement, physical improvement of degraded space, production of local food, and creation of new businesses. These changes led to multiple perceived benefits including increased social connectedness, a transformed physical landscape, improved neighbourhood reputation, increased access to fresh produce, and educational, youth development, and employment opportunities. Our findings demonstrate the importance of a multifunctional paradigm that accounts for social and educational functions in assessing the value of urban farming and bring empirical evidence to the concept of multifunctional agriculture. Urban farms with strong social aims may appear to contribute little to economic development if measured using traditional indicators of success such as job creation or fiscal impacts, but provide numerous other benefits for community development.