湖泊饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价

根据某湖泊饮用水源地水环境质量监测资料,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对2处饮用水源地原水通过饮水途径引起的水环境健康风险进行了评价.结果表明:在2处饮用水源地水环境质量监测项目中,对人体有健康风险的有毒污染物主要是化学致癌物As和Cr(Ⅵ);个人化学致癌物总年风险远大于非致癌物总年风险;2003─2007年2处饮用水源地水环境健康个人总年风险均超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的标准,主要原因是化学致癌物As和Cr(Ⅵ)的质量浓度过高;因此,加强治理和控制化学致癌物特别是As和Cr(Ⅵ)是降低该湖泊饮用水源地水环境健康风险的有效途径.      

江苏省饮用水源地环境安全保障体系建设研究

从实践“三个代表”重要思想和执政为民的高度,全面分析了江苏省保障饮用水源地环境安全及风险现状,提出了确保饮用水安全的保障体系及政策措施,对加强饮用水源地的用水安全,确保人民身体健康和社会和谐发展都有十分重要的指导意义。     

石油石化装置突发环境风险等级评估方法研究

根据石化企业的特点,结合现代环境风险管理理论,提出了一套适用于石油石化行业装置(设施)的环境风险评估方法,将环境风险源划分为8个类型,可对企业内的环境风险源进行分类分级评估和管理,有针对性地开展企业环境风险源的识别和监管,是一种较为理想的实用型管理手段。     

地下水饮用水源地污染源风险等级评价方法研究

基于地下水饮用水源地与污染源相互作用的机理,综合考虑污染源荷载风险(L)、地下水污染风险(V)和地下水饮用水源地属性(P),建立了一套地下水饮用水源地污染源风险等级评价指标体系;运用层次分析法确定了风险等级评价指标体系中21个指标的权重,并通过加权求和模型,构建了污染源风险等级评价指数(I)的计算方法;依据污染源风险等级评价指数将污染源风险等级划分为高风险、较高风险、中等风险和低风险四个等级,以为地下水饮用水源地供水安全保障提供科学依据。     

天津市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价

水环境健康风险评价是将水环境污染与人体健康定量联系的一种新型评价方法,它可将单项指标直接落实到人体健康上去,从而确定污染物的主次和治理的优先权。文章通过对于桥水库进行水环境健康风险评价,指出目前于桥水库水体中存在的各类污染物所致危害的风险很低,并呈逐年下降趋势,饮用水比较安全,主要风险因子为化学致癌物中的砷,非化学致癌物的影响非常微小。     

元江县城市饮用水源地环境现状及保护对策

对元江县城市饮用水源地的自然环境、水质现状、污染状况进行了阐述,对饮用水源地环境保护中存在的问题及成因进行了分析,并就如何加强饮用水源地的环境监管、确保饮水安全提出了措施和对策。     

元谋县集中式饮用水源地环境现状及环境保护对策

对元谋县城市集中式饮用水源地的自然环境、水质现状、面源污染状况进行了阐述,对饮用水源地环境保护中存在的问题及成因进行了分析,并就如何加强饮用水源地的环境监管、确保饮用水安全提出了措施和对策。     

城市企业环境风险源分级方法与应用研究

近年来,城市高风险工业行业引发的环境安全问题受到广泛关注。开展城市环境风险源分级是完善城市环境应急管理体系、保障城市环境安全的重要内容。从环境风险系统理论出发,综合考虑风险源固有属性、风险释放与控制水平、环境保护目标,构建了基于环境风险物质数量、生产工艺过程与风险控制技术水平、环境风险受体敏感性的分级评估指标体系,建立了环境风险源分级矩阵表征方法。将城市环境风险源划分为重大风险、一般风险和低风险3个等级。选择上海市开展了案例应用研究,对上海市17个区县的882家重点企业进行了环境风险源识别和分级,共确定重大风险企业151家,占总数的17.1%;一般风险企业161家,占总数的18.3%。对金山区、宝山区、闵行区几个重点区域提出了风险防控对策。     

上海市主要饮用水源地水重金属健康风险初步评价

对上海市主要饮用水源地(黄浦江上游地区和陈行水库)水中重金属含量进行了调查研究,并应用水环境健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险的初步评价.结果表明,黄浦江上游和陈行水库由致癌物质Cr,As,Cd通过饮水途径引起的个人年健康风险平均值分别表现为Cr>As>Cd和As>Cr>Cd,风险值为10-7~10-5 a-1,Cr和As的风险值高于部分机构推荐的最大可接受风险水平(1×10-6 a-1),而低于国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)和美国环境保护署(US EPA)的推荐值(5×10-5和1×10-4 a-1),成为上海市饮用水源地主要的致癌因子;黄浦江上游和陈行水库由非致癌物质Pb,Cu,Zn,Hg导致的个人年健康风险平均值分别表现为Pb>Cu>Zn>Hg和Hg>Cu>Pb>Zn,风险值为10-12~10-10 a-1.各采样点重金属类致癌物质的风险值明显高于非致癌物质.      

移动型环境风险源识别与分级方法研究

为了有效管理移动型环境风险源,降低其在转移运输过程中的风险水平,建立了用于识别移动型环境风险源并为其环境风险分级的方法.本方法基于我国现有环境污染事故统计分析结果,选取能够表现移动源诱发事故的起因及特征的风险评价指标因子,采用指标因子分析方法量化环境风险源风险水平.分级过程中分析了移动型环境风险源环境风险影响因子、环境风险源源强特征和风险表征方式,以风险物质数量水平-环境风险水平为基础建立风险分级矩阵,最终形成包含"环境风险源筛选"和"风险分级"两步的分级方法,旨在直观体现移动型环境风险源风险水平的同时,提高方法的可操作性和实用性.     

煤矿锈水对饮用水水源地环境风险评价方法及案例研究

为了评价煤矿矿井涌水对饮用水水源地的环境风险,采用层次分析法构建了由风险源、风险受体、迁移通道、应急管理4个层面共12项指标构成的评价指标体系,建立了环境风险评价方法,采用该方法从定性和定量角度评价四川某区县3个煤矿对饮用水水源地的环境风险。定性分析结果表明:3个煤矿作为风险源,其水质指标Fe、Zn、Mn超标倍数较高,可能会存在环境风险;风险受体饮用水水源地近年水质达标率为100%,环境容量较大;由风险源至风险受体的迁移通道距离较长,沿途溪流、土壤和植被具备一定的稀释、降解和消纳能力。定量评价结果表明,3个煤矿的环境风险指数分别为0.504 2、0.494 4和0.288 9,对应的环境风险分级分别是一般、一般和较低。     

An novel identification method of the environmental risk sources for surface water pollution accidents in chemical industrial parks

The chemical industry is a major source of various pollution accidents. Improving the management level of risk sources for pollution accidents has become an urgent demand for most industrialized countries. In pollution accidents, the released chemicals harm the receptors to some extent depending on their sensitivity or susceptibility. Therefore, identifying the potential risk sources from such a large number of chemical enterprises has become pressingly urgent. Based on the simulation of the whole accident process, a novel and expandable identification method for risk sources causing water pollution accidents is presented. The newly developed approach, by analyzing and stimulating the whole process of a pollution accident between sources and receptors, can be applied to identify risk sources, especially on the nationwide scale. Three major types of losses, such as social, economic and ecological losses, were normalized, analyzed and used for overall consequence modeling. A specific case study area, located in a chemical industry park (CIP) along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China, was selected to test the potential of the identification method. The results showed that there were four risk sources for pollution accidents in this CIP. Aniline leakage in the HS Chemical Plant would lead to the most serious impact on the surrounding water environment. This potential accident would severely damage the ecosystem up to 3.8 km downstream of Yangtze River, and lead to pollution over a distance stretching to 73.7 km downstream. The proposed method is easily extended to the nationwide identification of potential risk sources.     

广州市主要饮用水源中重金属健康风险的初步评价

对广州市主要饮用水源地水中重金属浓度进行了调查研究,并应用US EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型对饮用水源地水中重金属的健康风险作了初步评价.结果表明,西江断面、北江断面、东江断面重金属的平均浓度范围分别为Cd 0.21～3.96μg·L-1,As 1.16～13.75μg·L-1,Cr0.96～13.16μg·L-1,P...     

水源水中微囊藻毒素的遗传毒性与健康风险评价

应用美国EPA健康风险评价模型对浙江省101个饮用水源地微囊藻毒素(MC)的健康风险度进行评价,提示水源水中微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)具有较高的非致癌风险.采集MC污染相对严重的A、B 2饮用水源,一部分利用树脂对其中的MC进行浓集,另一部分加入稀释的纯毒素MC-LR模拟水源水中MC释放的情况,同时制备相同浓度的纯毒素序列,利用Ames试验检测藻毒素浓集物、水样中藻毒素和纯毒素对细菌的致突变性,彗星试验检测人外周血淋巴细胞可能产生的DNA损伤,微核试验检测鲤鱼红细胞微核的诱发效应.结果表明,与阴性对照组相比,藻毒素浓集物、纯毒素和藻毒素稀释水样均可引起人外周血淋巴细胞DNA的不同程度损伤(P <0.01),损伤随着染毒剂量的增加而加重,高剂量浓集物、藻毒素稀释水样A和纯毒素可诱导鲤鱼红细胞微核率上升,在本实验条件下尚未观察到藻毒素浓集物、藻毒素稀释水样及纯毒素在Ames试验中具有显著的致突变作用.利用树脂浓集水源水中MC和向水源水中加入稀释的MC-LR模拟MC释放2种方法切实可行,饮用水源水中MC可诱导鲤鱼红细胞微核率上升和淋巴细胞DNA损伤,具有遗传毒性,可能对人体健康产生的远期危害.     

南京市饮用水源地抗生素污染特征及风险评估

采用固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱技术（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）,对南京市饮用水源地抗生素含量及分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,17个采样点总浓度为0.56~1994.96 ng·L^-1,共检出5种大环内酯类、13种磺胺类、3种四环素类、8种喹诺酮类抗生素,平均浓度为0.30~37.07 ng·L^-1,其中检出浓度最高的抗生素为环丙沙星（CIP）,浓度为317.60 ng·L^-1,检出率最高的抗生素为克林霉素（CLI）,检出率为88.24%.与国内部分河流相比,南京市饮用水源地水体中大环内酯类、四环素类、喹诺酮类抗生素残留浓度处于较高水平.生态风险评估结果表明,点位S7具有最高的联合风险熵值（24.58）,氧氟沙星（OFX）的风险熵值最高,达到13.06;健康风险评估结果表明,9种抗生素对人体健康的风险熵Q_H为1.70×10^-3~9.47,强力霉素（DOX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、恩诺沙星（ERX）、CIP和OFX对大部分年龄段的人体健康具有高水平风险.     

我国24个典型饮用水源地中14种酚类化合物浓度分布特征

研究了14种酚类化合物在我国五大流域(黄河、海河、辽河、长江、淮河)24个典型饮用水源地水源水中的浓度水平.结果显示:14种酚类化合物在我国饮用水源地中的浓度在nd～213 ng·L-1范围内,浓度均值在2.44～31.2 ng·L-1范围内,浓度中位数在nd～40.0 ng·L-1范围内.14种酚类化合物中,硝基苯酚类化合物浓度最高,浓度中位数为37.9 ng·L-1,浓度平均值为27.4 ng·L-1.其次为苯酚、五氯酚、二氯苯酚(2,4-二氯苯酚和2,6-二氯苯酚)和三氯苯酚(2,4,6-三氯苯酚和2,4,5-三氯苯酚);四氯苯酚(2,3,5,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,6-四氯苯酚、2,3,4,5-四氯苯酚)和烷基苯酚(邻甲基苯酚、间甲基苯酚和对甲基苯酚)浓度较低.通过商值法对14种酚类化合物进行生态风险评价后发现,14种酚类化合物的风险商均远小于1,表明其对我国饮用水源地的生态风险较低.对8种已报道健康参考剂量或致癌斜率因子的酚类化合物进行健康风险评价,结果显示,7种酚类化合物的最大非致癌风险在10-6到10-4范围内,2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚的致癌风险在10-6量级以下,表明其健康危害较弱.     

Genotoxicity evaluation and a primary risk assessment of organic pollutants in the drinking water sources of Nanjing, China

An increasing number of industrial, agricultural, and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment leads to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming an increasingly serious problem in China. In this study, the comet assay was conducted to investigate the genotoxicity to human body caused by organic concentrates in the drinking water sources of Nanjing City from Yangtze River of China, and health and ecology risk due to expose to these organic pollutants were evaluated with the multimedia environmental assessment system （MEAS）. For all the water samples, they were collected from four different locations in the drinking water sourcr samples, es of Nanjing City. The results of the comet assay showed that all the organic concentrates from the water samples could induce different levels DNA damages on human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and a statistically significant difference （p〈0.01） was observed compared with the solvent control, which demonstrated the genotoxicity was in existence. According to the ambient severity （AS） of individual compound, we had sorted out the main organic pollutants in the drinking water source of the four waterworks, and the results showed that there was some potential hazard to human body for all the source water, namely the total ambient severity （TAS） of health for each water source was more than 1. However, the TAS of ecology for each water source was less than 1, which indicated that it was safe to ecology. The results of this investigation demonstrate the application of the comet assay and the MEAS in aquatic environmental monitoring studies, and the comet assay found to be fast, sensitive, and suitable for genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water source.     

Ammonia pollution characteristics of centralized drinking water sources in China

The characteristics of ammonia in drinking water sources in China were evaluated during 2005-2009. The spatial distribution and seasonal changes of ammonia in different types of drinking water sources of 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities were investigated. The levels of ammonia in drinking water sources follow the order of river > lake/reservoir > groundwater. The levels of ammonia concentration in river sources gradually decreased from 2005 to 2008, while no obvious change was observed in the lakes/reservoirs and groundwater drinking water sources. The proportion of the type of drinking water sources is different in different regions. In river drinking water sources, the ammonia level was varied in different regions and changed seasonally. The highest value and wide range of annual ammonia was found in South East region, while the lowest value was found in Southwest region. In lake/reservoir drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were not varied obviously in different regions. In underground drinking water sources, the ammonia levels were varied obviously in different regions due to the geological permeability and the natural features of regions. In the drinking water sources with higher ammonia levels, there are enterprises and wastewater drainages in the protected areas of the drinking water sources.