粉煤灰中微量元素浸出特性试验研究

通过采用不同pH值的浸出剂对淮南上窑贮灰场中粉煤灰进行了室内浸泡试验研究,得出粉煤灰中微量元素的浸出规律.结果表明:微量元素Cu,Mn,Cd,Ni,Zn随着pH值的增大析出浓度减少,而Cr随着pH值的增大溶出浓度增大,B的溶出与pH值的关系不明显;粉煤灰中微量元素溶出率很低,不会对环境造成污染.     

掺膨胀土粉煤灰的重金属浸出试验研究

通过搅拌试验和柱渗试验2种室内浸出试验方法,对粉煤灰掺不同量膨胀土在中性和酸性(模拟酸雨)2种浸出条件下,进行几种金属离子污染问题的研究。通过试验,旨在获得在中性和酸性条件下,粉煤灰膨胀土不同配比掺和样中重金属离子的浸出规律。该文所取得的成果为:所有试样的Fe、Mn离子浸出浓度较大,都超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》;当粉煤灰膨胀土不同配比掺和样置于地下水位以下时,试样中Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、Cr和Ni的浸出浓度不规律,Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、Cr和Ni离子浸出浓度最小的最佳配比分别为5%、15%、15%~20%、5%、0%或20%、0%~5%;中性条件下,柱渗试验初始浸出浓度高于搅拌试验;pH值对粉煤灰膨胀土不同配比中Cr浸出浓度影响较大,酸性条件下浸出浓度小于中性条件,对工程有利,且当柱渗分为前期和后期时,Cr离子浓度呈指数曲线状有规律浸出;当膨胀土掺量为10%时,Cr离子的初始浸出浓度为最小,所有金属离子在酸性条件下浸出浓度也最小,因此,从环境角度考虑的最佳配比可能在10%左右;当膨胀土掺量从20%开始,未经养护样品柱渗试验后期(≥15 d)渗透系数能够满足工程利用要求;所有酸性条件下的渗透系数都小于中性条件,因此酸性反而有利于粉煤灰膨胀土混合物的工程应用。     

清淤底泥处置中添加粉煤灰/炉渣对重金属生物有效性及毒性的影响

在清淤底泥中添加碱性粉煤灰、燃煤炉渣进行钝化处理后,通过浸出毒性实验、重金属形态分级实验及植物生长实验对底泥基质中重金属的活性及生物有效性进行了研究.结果表明:清淤底泥中添加粉煤灰、燃煤炉渣等碱性物质后显著降低了底泥基质中可溶态重金属含量,其中,交换态、有机结合态Pb、Zn所占比例显著降低;碱性物质的加入缓解了重金属的浸出危害,钝化底泥基质中粉煤灰、炉渣对Cu的稳定率可达90.34%~96.88%;与此同时也抑制了底泥中重金属在植物体内的富集与迁移,降低了重金属的生物有效性.相关性分析表明,底泥基质中交换态重金属含量、浸出浓度、植物茎叶中重金属含量及植物根伸长抑制率之间存在显著正相关关系(p0.01).     

钢渣中重金属在水泥基胶凝材料的长期浸出行为

采用连续水槽浸出试验研究了钢渣在胶砂中重金属的长期浸出规律,并通过浸出动力学模型拟合预测了胶砂30 a重金属累积浸出量。结果表明：钢渣中含有As、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等重金属,制备成胶砂后Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn浸出量偏高。随着浸出时间的增加,溶液中重金属离子累积浸出量先快速增加后减缓;胶砂预先养护龄期越长,重金属累积浸出量越低,对重金属Zn的固化作用越明显。水泥胶砂中Cr和Ni、Cu和Zn的浸出规律分别符合Elovich方程和双常数速率方程,掺钢渣胶砂中Cu的浸出规律满足双常数速率方程,而Cr、Ni和Zn的浸出规律满足二级动力学方程。通过动力学方程计算,预测掺钢渣胶砂与纯水泥胶砂中Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的30 a累积浸出量相比分别降低了49.52%、24.02%、47.20%和89.79%。     

工业废渣-过硫酸钠协同固化/稳定化石油污染土配比优选研究

采用过硫酸钠、石灰、粉煤灰、电石渣为固化剂材料,设置4因素4水平正交试验,研究不同配比下石油污染土的无侧限抗压强度、毒性浸出浓度、酸中和容量的变化规律,并通过模糊优选理论筛选出固化剂最优配比,利用pH值、温度、S₂O₈^2–含量、总石油烃含量、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)试验分析固化机理.试验结果表明:从极差分析得到过硫酸钠对石油污染土的无侧限抗压强度和毒性浸出浓度影响最大,石灰对酸中和容量影响最大;以无侧限抗压强度、毒性浸出浓度、酸中和容量和处理成本作为模糊优选指标,过硫酸钠、石灰、粉煤灰、电石渣掺量分别为0.6%、8.0%、10.0%、6.0%时为最优配比,此时处理后的污染土7d无侧限抗压强度为630.40kPa,毒性浸出浓度为4.44mg/L,酸中和容量为385.71cmol/kg,处理成本为136.46元/t,处理后的污染土达到了废物再利用的强度和环境安全要求;过硫酸钠氧化去除土中部分石油,石灰、粉煤灰和电石渣水化反应生成胶凝物质包裹吸附石油,并胶结土壤颗粒,使处理后的污染土毒性浸出浓度降低,强度及酸中...     

改性粉煤灰在处理锑矿选矿废水中的应用

针对锑矿选矿废水中锑和丁基黄原酸钠严重超标的问题,用酸改性粉煤灰对其进行吸附处理.试验结果表明,当改性粉煤灰处理选矿废水的最佳质量体积比(g.mL-1)为1:100,pH值为3,静置时间为4h时,可以将选矿废水中的锑浓度从28.611mg.L-1降到0.05mg.L-1以下,去除率达99.8%以上;废水中的丁基黄原酸钠浓度可从0.373mg.L-1降到0.02mg.L-1以下,去除率达95.0%以上.处理废水后的改性粉煤灰用硫酸-硝酸浸提,浸出液中重金属离子浓度均低于国家浸出毒性标准,表明改性粉煤灰是一种很好的锑矿选矿废水处理剂.     

不同活化条件下粉煤灰中锂的酸碱溶出特性

粉煤灰提取氧化铝作为其资源高值利用的重要途径之一引起广泛关注.由于粉煤灰中还含有一定丰度Li（锂）元素,在提取氧化铝的同时实现Li的协同提取对于进一步提高粉煤灰的资源利用效益意义重大.为认识粉煤灰中Li的溶出特性,分别考察了原粉煤灰、CaO煅烧活化粉煤灰和Na₂CO₃煅烧活化粉煤灰中Li在酸性溶液和碱性溶液中的溶出特性,并采用XRD（X-射线衍射）分析了粉煤灰浸取前后的物相变化,结合Li溶出率的变化,阐释了Li在不同浸出条件下溶出率差异的原因.结果表明:在相同浸出温度（100℃）下粉煤灰直接在酸性溶液和碱性溶液中的溶出率相对较低,分别仅为28%和36%;而经CaO和Na₂CO₃活化后粉煤灰中Li的溶出率显著提高,活化后粉煤灰中Li在酸性溶液中的溶出率可达到98%和86%,均高于碱性溶液中Li的溶出率（86%和67%）.XRD的分析结果进一步表明,部分Li可能赋存于非晶相或晶相表面,这部分Li易于被酸或碱直接浸出;部分Li可能镶嵌在莫来石、石英等晶相内部,不易被溶出,经CaO和Na₂CO₃助剂活化后,部分Li又重新嵌入到钙黄长石、霞石等新生成物相的晶格中,而这些物相更易于与酸反应,因而酸性溶液中Li的溶出率普遍高于碱性溶液中的结果.      

粉煤灰改性试验及应用

以粉煤灰为原料,进行了粉煤灰的改性工艺研究.通过测定三种方法改性的粉煤灰中氧化铁和氧化铝的浸出率及对酚去除率的比较来确定改性方法.考察改性粉煤灰用量、搅拌时间、静置时问三个因素对酚去除率的影响,粉煤灰用量为10g/L,搅拌时间为45min,静置时间为55min时效果最好.     

利用粉煤灰固化含砷污泥的研究

对于As浸出率超标的硫酸废水处理系统污泥,应用固化处理可以有效降低砷浸出率。文章用水泥及粉煤灰固化冶炼厂硫酸废水中和污泥,以As的浸出率为控制指标,从时间、物料配比、pH值等方面考虑对固化块浸出率的影响,寻找粉煤灰最佳掺入量,有效降低处理成本,并尽量减少固体废物对环境的有害影响。与水泥固化相对比,采用粉煤灰固化具有更好的固化效果和明显经济效益。     

分子筛在铅污染土壤修复中的应用研究

采用溶液试验,从待选钝化材料中初步筛选出对Pb具有较好钝化效果的钝化材料,运用经典混料设计的试验方法,将优选出的13X分子筛、凹凸棒土、粉煤灰三种钝化材料复配成钝化剂,添加到Pb含量为1 500mg/kg的污染土中,添加量为污染土的20％,并保持土壤的含水率35％,3天后取钝化后土壤,采用(HJ/T 300-2007)(固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法醋酸缓冲溶液法)测其浸出液中的重金属Pb含量,采用Minitab软件对混料设计试验数据进行处理,优选出钝化重金属Pb的最佳钝化剂配方:分子筛25％,凹凸棒土42.6％,粉煤灰32.4％,钝化后浸出液中重金属Pb含量为0.027 1 mg/L,明显低于地表水质量标准的Ⅲ类标准0.05 mg/L.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.