基于集成全相关技术的水环境治理装备设计

针对现有水环境治理装备设计开发技术存在的不足,提出了一种融合全相关技术与CAD、CAE、CAM、CAPP技术的集成一体化装备系统设计开发方案,并给出了这种集成全相关技术的初步实现方法,而且进行了射流曝气器的设计应用。这种方法有望实现水环境治理装备系统完整、可靠的设计,并缩短了设计开发周期。     

基于集成全相关技术的水环境治理装备设计

针对现有水环境治理装备设计开发技术存在的不足，提出了一种融合全相关技术与CAD、CAE、CAM、CAPP技术的集成一体化装备系统设计开发方案，并给出了这种集成全相关技术的初步实现方法，而且进行了射流曝气器的设计应用。这种方法有望实现水环境治理装备系统完整、可靠的设计，并缩短了设计开发周期。     

水环境数学模型与GIS的集成研究

从地理信息系统(GIS)的功能特点、环境信息的特性和水环境数学模型软件应用时存在不足的3个方面分析了GIS和水环境数学模型软件集成的必要性.介绍了GIS和水环境数学模型的集成方式以及苏州河三期综合整治决策支持系统的主要功能结构,重点从GIS和水环境数学模型集成方面介绍了地图矢量化、模型计算结果转化为相应数据库文件、数据库文件和GIS实现绑定以及断面水位动态演示的实现方法和重要作用.     

国内外流域水环境模型法规化建设现状和对比研究

流域水环境模型是水环境保护和流域管理工作的重要支撑工具。总结了国外流域水环境模型管理体系、技术支撑方法、标准化建设实践和法规化应用的实际经验,通过梳理中国流域水环境模型的发展历程和应用现状,对比分析了影响中国流域水环境模型标准化和法规化的主要障碍和问题,提出了中国流域水环境模型法规化建设的发展建议。     

基于地理信息系统的引江济巢数值模拟系统的研究

以引江济巢工程为对象,在充分搜集巢湖流域水环境信息的基础上,利用Visual Basic6.0结合MapObjects2.0开发基于地理信息系统(GIS)的引江济巢数值模拟系统,实现对引江济巢工程基础地理信息、水文信息、水质信息等的统计、分析与管理。并通过嵌入式集成方法实现数学模型与GIS的紧密集成,实现了在污染因素由用户自行设定下进行"所见即所得"的动态仿真能力,为引江济巢调水方案的论证和调水过程中的环境管理提供技术支撑。     

第一次全国污染源普查重点污染源空间数据管理与信息共享服务平台建设研究

第一次全国污染源普查是重大的国情调查,分析和利用好第一次全国污染源普查数据具有重要意义.针对第一次全国污染源普查重点污染源数据,采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,基于面向服务架构(SOA)设计,开发了第一次全国污染源普查重点污染源空间数据管理与信息共享服务平台,平台包括数据库、数据库管理系统、信息发布与共享服务平台.平台为污染源普查数据的制图、可视化分析、汇总和发布提供空间数据服务和技术支撑,为第一次全国污染源普查工作办公室提供了可视化的管理平台,也为相关业务部门和科研机构提供了方便的数据查询、分级浏览和分发服务等功能,有力地支撑了污染源普查数据的共享、分析和应用.     

河流常用水质数学模型参数估计方法评述

前言 河流水质数学模型是描述河流中物质混合、输移和转化规律的计算模型.近年来,由于水质模型在水质预测、规划管理,污染防治以及水环境研究等方面的重要作用,它已成为环境科技工作者十分关注的研究对     

基于MIKE11的江南平原河网动态水环境容量分析

传统水环境容量以90%保证率下的设计枯水流量作为计算条件,存在水文计算条件单一、计算结果固定等局限性,不能很好地表征水流方向不定、产汇流过程复杂、污染负荷分散的江南平原河网的水环境容量。以宜兴市官林镇水系为研究对象,基于MIKE11水质模型计算河网控制单元水环境容量,以探究江南平原河网水环境容量的动态特性。结果表明：MIKE11模型法下官林控制单元COD、氨氮和总磷月均水环境容量为-152.80、0.92和-1.69 t;桐梓控制单元COD、氨氮和总磷月均水环境容量为220.23、4.49和1.45 t;皇新控制单元COD、氨氮和总磷月均水环境容量为15.42、0.90和0.14 t,呈现出明显动态特征。代表河道水环境容量与流量流速等水文要素有密切关系,市镇级等水质达标河道水环境容量与流速呈正相关,村级等未达标河道水环境容量与流速呈负相关。本研究可为平原河网水环境保护与管理提供重要参考和新思路。     

水环境数学模型的研究进展

在作者多年研究工作和查阅大量文献资料的基础上,本文综述了环境数学模型国内外的研究现状、发展历史及未来趋势。重点介绍了这方面研究的最新进展。该文还介绍了本领域所涉及的理论和实际应用问题,提出了今后值得进行研究的若干前沿课题,给出了60余篇关于水环境数学模型研究的主要参考文献目录。     

苏南太湖地区城镇水污染防治对策研究

苏南太湖水域是城镇环境重要组成部分,水域结构与功能的多样性为区域或部门多目标、多途径的开发与利用提供了有利条件。本文根据太湖地区城镇水环境研究结果,提出一套适合于该地区自然环境特点、有利于经济与环境协调发展的水污染控制对策及其相应的措施。     

Management of marine cage aquaculture

Goal, Scope and Background Marine cage aquaculture produces a large amount of waste that is released directly into the environment. To effectively manage the mariculture environment, it is important to determine the carrying capacity of an aquaculture area. In many Asian countries trash fish is dominantly used in marine cage aquaculture, which contains more water than pellet feed. The traditional nutrient loading analysis is for pellet feed not for trash fish feed. So, a more critical analysis is necessary in trash fish feed culturing areas. Methods Corresponding to FCR (feed conversion rate), dry feed conversion rate (DFCR) was used to analyze the nutrient loadings from marine cage aquaculture where trash fish is used. Based on the hydrodynamic model and the mass transport model in Xiangshan Harbor, the relationship between the water quality and the waste discharged from cage aquaculture has been determined. The environmental carrying capacity of the aquaculture sea area was calculated by applying the models noted above. Results Nitrogen and phosphorus are the water quality parameters considered in this study. The simulated results show that the maximum nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were 0.216 mg/L and 0.039 mg/L, respectively. In most of the sea area, the nutrient concentrations were higher than the water quality standard. The calculated environmental carrying capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiangshan Harbor were 1,107.37 t/yr and 134.35 t/yr, respectively. The waste generated from cage culturing in 2000 has already exceeded the environmental carrying capacity. Discussion Unconsumed feed has been identified as the most important origin of all pollutants in cage culturing systems. It suggests the importance of increasing the feed utilization and improving the feed composition on the basis of nutrient requirement. For the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry, it is an effective management measure to keep the stocking density and pollution loadings below the environmental carrying capacity. Conclusions The DFCR-based nutrient loadings analysis indicates, in trash fish feed culturing areas, that it is more critical and has been proved to be a valuable loading calculation method. The modeling approach for Xiangshan Harbor presented in this paper is a cost-effective method for assessing the environmental impact and determining the capacity. Carrying capacity information can give scientific suggestions for the sustainable management of aquaculture environments. Recommendations and Perspectives It has been proved that numerical models were convenient tools to predict the environmental carrying capacity. The development of models coupled with dynamic and aquaculture ecology is a requirement of further research. Such models can also be useful in monitoring the ecological impacts caused by mariculture activities. ESS-Submission Editor: Hailong Wang (hailong.wang@ensisjv.com)     

Heat and mass transfer in the vadose zone with plant roots

The vadose zone is the intermediate medium between the atmosphere and groundwater. The modeling of the processes taking place in the vadose zone needs different approaches to those needed for groundwater transport problems because of the marked changes in environmental conditions affecting the vadose zone. A mathematical model to simulate the water flow, and the fate and transport of recalcitrant contaminants was developed, which could be applied to various bioremediation methods such as phytoremediation and natural attenuation in the vadose zone. Two-phase flow equations and heat flux models were used to develop the model. Surface energy, balance equations were used to estimate soil surface temperature, and root growth and root distribution models were incorporated to represent the special contribution of plant mots in the vegetated soils. Interactions between the roots and environmental conditions such as temperature and water content were treated by incorporating a feedback mechanism that made allowance for the effects of water and temperature stresses on root distribution and water uptake by roots. In conducting the modeling study, Johnson grass and unplanted soil were simulated to compare the effect of root water uptake on soil water content. After the numerical experiments were conducted to investigate model behavior, the proposed model was applied to estimate actual water flow and heat flow in field lysimeter experiments over a 1-year period. Root growth and distribution for Johnson grass and rye grass were simulated to compare the warm season grass to the cold season grass. A significant agreement was observed between the simulations and measured data.     

A GIS-based multimedia watershed model: development and application

A multimedia model was developed using publicly available geographical information system (GIS) data, chemical release information and local monitoring networks to assess the fate of trichloroethene (TCE) within the Passaic River Watershed. Seven environmental media, air, water, sediment, surface soil, terrestrial vegetation, root zone soil and vadose zone soil, were modeled in this study along with their sub-compartments. The Passaic River Watershed is described using the NJDEP geographical information system (GIS) resources, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the United States Soil Conservation Services (US SCS) soil data. The introduction of spatial resolution to a multimedia, unsteady state model is performed in this work, and represents an important step in expanding the use of equilibrium models to provide far reaching information on the fate of toxic contaminants within a given environmental unit. The spatial representation of cross-boundary fluxes was successfully demonstrated with the use of sub-watershed as an environmental unit and the direct assessment of TCE for each of the 11 sub-watersheds that make up the Passaic River Basin in northern New Jersey. Important data gaps identified during the development of this model include the lack of comprehensive monitoring data on organic contaminants, and non-uniformity among available physical environmental data from different government agencies.     

象山港网箱养殖对海域环境的影响及其养殖环境容量研究

以象山港海域的潮流模型和物质输运模型为基础,建立了各网箱养殖区的氮、磷污染物排放量与研究海域水质之间的响应关系,对该海域的养殖污染状况进行了模拟,讨论了该海域的网箱养殖环境容量.结果表明,象山港内的氮、磷浓度在养殖区密集的港顶海域超出一类水质标准;该海域的氮、磷养殖环境容量分别为670.74t/a和77.32t/a.目前,象山港内各网箱养殖区的污染物排放量已超出其容量,需进行削减.     

国家级流域水环境保护总体规划一般模式研究

流域综合水管理是发达国家普遍采用的管理模式,主要手段之一是制定流域水环境保护总体规划.流域水环境保护总体规划是流域各相关利益方就流域社会经济发展与水环境保护达成的决策,是其他所有规划制定的基础和依据,核心内容是规划目标的确定.流域水环境保护总体规划是流域综合管理的决策平台和信息共享平台,是环境保护的刚性约束,为流域水资源开发利用划定红线.流域水环境保护总体规划是目标导向型的,通过指标体系指导省级行政区负责制定的小流域水环境保护规划,协调流域内省级行政区国民经济和社会发展规划、土地利用总体规划、城市总体规划等其他部门规划.中国目前缺乏流域水环境保护总体规划,基于此提出了国家级流域水环境保护总体规划的一般模式,包括基本内容、规划文本和规划实施3个部分.流域水环境保护总体规划实施的主要手段是审批小流域水环境保护规划.     

Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009 and upcoming challenges for exposure assessment of plant protection products--Harmonisation or national modelling approaches?

In the new European Pesticide Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009, the harmonisation of approaches for estimation of the environmental exposure of pesticides is considered a major goal. Several member states currently require their own models for the calculation of predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) in surface water. The variety of methods makes risk evaluations rather time-consuming for both notifiers and evaluating authorities. In the present study we compare surface water concentrations of 19 compounds using EU and country-specific models and risk assessment approaches to evaluate to which extent the resulting estimated exposure concentrations differ. Our results show that EU and country specific approaches and the resulting surface water concentrations differ considerably regarding basic model assumptions and assessment methods. The results indicate that the aimed harmonisation of risk assessment approaches within the EU will be difficult based on current models. New scenarios may help to achieve a harmonisation taking country-specific features into account.     

An object-oriented software for fate and exposure assessments

The model system CemoS¹ (Chemical Exposure Model System) was developed for the exposure prediction of hazardous chemicals released to the environment. Eight different models were implemented involving chemicals fate simulation in air, water, soil and plants after continuous or single emissions from point and diffuse sources. Scenario studies are supported by a substance and an environmental data base. All input data are checked on their plausibility. Substance and environmental process estimation functions facilitate generic model calculations. CemoS is implemented in a modular structure using object-oriented programming. e-mail: cemos@aphrodite.mathematik.uni-osnabrueck.de