CO2含量对污泥燃烧Fuel-N析出特性的影响

在模拟水泥分解炉气氛条件下,考察了CO_2浓度对污泥燃料N(Fuel-N)析出特性的影响,结果表明污泥Fuel-N的析出形式主要为NH_3、HCN及NO_x.在研究的CO_2浓度范围(体积分数0～35%)内,CO_2浓度的升高将消耗更多的含氮位点和H自由基,导致NH_3的析出受到抑制;而CO_2能直接氧化HCN或—CN官能团,导致HCN的析出随着CO_2浓度的升高逐渐降低.NO_x的析出量随CO_2含量的升高先减小后升高,在25%时达到最小值.NO_x的生成和还原反应是同步发生的,在燃烧温度和O_2含量一定的情况下,NO_x的析出主要受NO_x还原反应的影响,研究表明燃烧过程中同时存在NO_x的气相均相还原反应和气固异相还原反应.当CO_2浓度从0上升至25%时,CO_2分子与污泥焦反应生成的CO相对增加,在污泥焦表面的催化作用下,NO_x被CO还原的量增多,此时污泥焦对NO_x的气固异相还原占据主导地位;继续增加CO_2浓度至35%时,还原性气体HCN生成幅度下降较大,此时HCN、NH_3对NO_x的气气均相还原占据主导地位,导致NO_x的析出逐渐升高.     

深度脱水污泥焚烧过程中调理剂的热转化行为及其对重金属挥发的影响

采用化学热力学平衡分析方法,应用污泥实测数据模拟计算了深度脱水后污泥焚烧过程中调理剂的热转化过程及逸出产物,并预测了含Cl调理剂与CaO耦合作用对重金属迁移转化及排放的影响.研究结果表明,污泥添加单一调理剂Al_2(SO_4)_3、Fe_2(SO_4)_3、FeSO_4、AlCl_3及FeCl_3后,Fe和Al在高温下主要以Al_2O_3(s)和Fe_2O_3(s)存在,主要气态产物是HCl和SO_2.调理剂CaO和FeCl_3共存且含量增加时,焚烧过程中HCl(g)逸出过程变慢,并且Fe_2O_3(s)易于和CaO(s)作用导致Fe_2O_3(s)存在温度区间变窄.污泥未添加调理剂焚烧过程中,重金属Cd、Pb、Cr、Tl、Hg、As易于以Cd(OH)_2(g)、PbO(g)、CrO_2(OH)_2(g)、AsO(g)、Hg(g)、Tl(g)形式挥发,而Cu、Zn、Ni以其氧化物形式存在而难挥发.调理剂FeCl_3及CaO添加到污泥后,重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg、Tl)的分布受FeCl3的影响大于CaO,导致其形成重金属氯化物而挥发,而Cr和As与CaO作用生成CaCr_2O_4(s)、Ca_3(AsO_4)_2(s)热稳定化学物,抑制了Cr、As的挥发.当脱水污泥与含硫化物掺烧时,重金属(Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)挥发受到Cl的影响大于S,在低温区间其主要以硫酸盐为主,在中高温区间以氯化物存在,而Hg和Tl不受硫化物影响.     

废轮胎流化床热解半焦结构特性

以流化床反应器为主体对废轮胎热解半焦微观结构特性进行了研究.主要研究了热解温度、床料粒径、流化数等参数对热解半焦的比表面积、孔隙率、孔体积的影响.结果表明:半焦比表面积和孔隙率随温度变化过程中会在650℃或750℃出现一峰值,这表明对半焦品质而言,轮胎存在最佳的热解温度,采用较小粒径(0.135～0.304mm)床料时有使最佳热解温度下降的趋势;半焦孔隙率随流化数增加而减小;半焦比表面积随流化数的变化趋势与热解温度有关,550℃时流化数增加半焦比表面积减小,650℃时流化数增加半焦比表面积增大;半焦孔体积随温度的变化趋势与床料粒径有关,采用较大粒径(0.304～0.4mm)床料时,半焦孔体积随温度升高呈现先降后升的趋势,而采用较小粒径(0.135～0.304mm)床料时,半焦孔体积随温度升高呈现下降的趋势.     

型煤催化固硫的研究

本试验发现Fe_2O_3对型煤固硫有催化作用,当型煤中Fe_2O_3含量在6‰时,固硫率最高,比在同等条件下不加Fe_2O_3时约增加10%左右。在温度小于500℃时,固硫率和Fe_2O_3关系曲线只出现极大值,大于500℃时,则同时出现极大极小值。它的催化固硫动力学行为比较复杂,温度小于500℃,Fe_2O_3含量小于6‰时,它起催化作用;Fe_2O_3含量大于6‰时,它与CaO形成固熔体,因而影响了活性。型煤催化固硫率的高低主要取决于温度低于470℃这一阶段,提高型煤固硫率的关键是要求型煤在500℃之前升温速度不能太快,为此可设计一型煤预热装置,此装置温度控制在470℃以下,型煤在装置中停留时间不超过半小时。Fe_2O_3的加入主要加快了CaO+SO_2→CaSO_3这一主反应的速度,并对硫的最后形态CaSO_4起一定稳定作用。     

抗生素菌渣热解及气态污染物排放特性的研究

抗生素菌渣的热解行为受其热解条件的影响,而明确热解条件对抗生素菌渣热解特性的影响是其热解资源化和无害化的前提。通过在固定床反应器中热解抗生素菌渣(以土霉素菌渣为例),采用热重分析法研究升温速率、菌渣粒径、添加剂(CaO、CeO_2、Na_2CO_3)等热解条件对抗生素菌渣热解特性的影响,并利用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析了其热解过程中SO_2、HCN、NH_3、NO等气态污染物的排放规律。结果表明:抗生素菌渣的热解主要分为两个阶段,即在200~600℃温度区间,抗生素菌渣内有机质充分热解,挥发分大量析出,抗生素菌渣的质量损失从95%降低至40%左右,且在370℃达到最大失重速率9%/min,而在600~900℃温度区间,热解焦继续热解,抗生素菌渣的质量损失从40%降低至30%左右,直至稳定;升温速率的改变对热解焦剩余量的影响较小,但随着升温速率的提高,其热解速率加快;菌渣粒径越小,其热解速率越快,分解越彻底,热解焦的剩余量越少;添加剂能够改善抗生素菌渣的热解活性,降低热解反应的活化能,并可以促进氮、硫元素的转化,使热解气体中HCN、NH_3、NO、SO_2的排放浓度降低。     

改进燃烧技术控制NO_x的生成

一、前言日本巴韦日立公司根据最近社会上对降低NO_x的要求,开发了以实验燃烧炉为主体的低NO_x燃烧器,本文就液体燃料燃烧作一介绍。 (一)燃烧型NO_x和温度型NO_x 众所周知的氮氧化物有下列几种。 NO(一氧化氮);NO_2(二氧化氮);N_2O(氧化二氮);N_2O_3(三氧化二氮);     

前体物与气象因子对珠江三角洲臭氧污染的影响

利用2012年中国气象局广州番禺大气成分站的O_3、NO_x逐时浓度数据,广州观象台逐时的温度、相对湿度以及风向风速数据,统计分析了2012年O_3前体物(NO_x)以及气象因子对珠江三角洲(以下简称珠三角)地区臭氧浓度的影响.研究发现:O_3和NO_x均表现出单峰结构的月变化特征,且分别于10月和3月达到峰值,为(104.9±68.0)μg/m~3,(131.1±122.1)μg/m~3.O_3的日变化为单峰分布,午后的浓度较高,而NO_x浓度于早晚高峰有增加,且夜间浓度高于白天.NO_x对O_3有显著的滴定作用,O_3浓度随着NO_x浓度的增加呈现指数形式下降.高温低湿条件有利于O_3的形成.与NO_x类似,O_3浓度随着温度和相对湿度的增大以指数形式相应的增大和减小.当珠三角地区受偏西风控制时,下风向地区的O_3浓度最高,而当珠三角地区盛行偏北风时,下风向地区的O_3浓度最低,且该方向所对应的NO_x浓度最高,表明广州城区的NO_x对O_3的滴定作用显著.珠三角地区发生光化学污染的关键性因子主要为20~40μg/m~3的NO_x浓度,高于27°C的气温,低于55%的相对湿度以及受偏西风控制.分析发现10月份O_3的形成主要受VOCs控制,且烯烃的O_3生成潜势贡献最大,为69%,而烷烃和芳香烃的贡献分别为15%、16%.     

砂砾质地表不同粒径颗粒地球化学特征分析

风沙运动造成地表沉积物组分发生改变,伴随其沉积物地球化学特征发生改变。选取苏宏图洪积扇扇缘戈壁、沙积洼地地表沉积物,基于X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜能谱仪进行其不同组分矿物、地球化学元素测试。结果表明:风沙运动导致不同地表沉积物的风蚀和风积情况不同,但其均处于化学风化的初、中级阶段,具有相似性;该砂砾质地表不同粒径组分以石英、长石、云母、方解石等矿物为主,各沉积物组分矿物衍射峰强具有显著差异性;该区域不同粒径颗粒化学元素组成以SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3为主,约占总含量的85%左右,沉积物颗粒粒径越大,SiO_2含量越多,Fe_2O_3、MgO、CaO、TiO_2等氧化物表现为在细颗粒组分中富集,而Al_2O_3、K_2O、Na_2O等随颗粒粒径变化无显著差异。     

Fe2O3/MIL-53(Al)催化类芬顿氧化性能及其作用机制研究

以MIL-53(Al)和铁盐为原料,采用浸渍-焙烧的方法,制备了Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)类芬顿催化剂.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、射透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)及X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS),对Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)、MIL-53(Al)及Fe_2O_3 3种材料的理化性质进行了表征.以亚甲基蓝为相关材料催化类芬顿反应氧化性能的指示剂,考察了Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)、MIL-53(Al)及Fe_2O_3 3种材料催化类芬顿反应的活性.探讨了Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)催化活性强化的相关作用机制.研究结果表明,Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)的物化结构特征是以赤铁矿为主的纳米Fe_2O_3颗粒均匀、离散地分布在MIL-53(Al)之上,纳米Fe_2O_3颗粒尺寸大多集中在1～5 nm.与未负载纳米Fe_2O_3相比,其分散性和颗粒尺寸都展现出潜在优越性.Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)材料催化类芬顿反应降解水溶液中亚甲基蓝的效果是未负载纳米Fe_2O_3的4.8倍(以反应速率常数计),且TOC去除率亦有明显优势.自由基猝灭实验结果表明Fe_2O_3/MIL-53(Al)催化类芬顿降解污染物的主要活性氧类物质为羟基自由基.MIL-53(Al)孔结构发达、孔分布均匀及孔尺寸较小且均一等结构特征,导致负载其中的Fe_2O_3具有孔道负载量大、颗粒分布离散且均匀、颗粒粒径小且均一等特点,从而强化了纳米Fe_2O_3催化类芬顿反应氧化降解水中污染物的性能.     

关于污泥生物质衍生固体燃料燃烧特性研究

为实现污泥减量化、无害化和资源化处置,在污泥中添加稻杆等合成固体燃料,利用热分析技术对污泥衍生燃料及其主要原料的燃烧特性进行研究。研究结果表明:污泥衍生燃料燃点低,有一定的燃烧热值,燃烧性能较好;当温度在700℃左右时,污泥衍生燃料中的可燃质已基本消耗,发热量相当于0.48kg左右的标准煤;灰分的主要成分为Ca O、Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、Mg O等难溶解的稳定金属氧化物;污泥衍生燃料的热能利用价值较高,且制备成本较低,符合当前污泥处理处置的发展趋势。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.