综合水质标识指数法在浑河水质评价中的应用

综合评价水环境质量,全面把握流域水环境污染特征是水环境污染防治中的重要基础性工作。水质标识指数可以完整标识水质评价指标的类别、水质数据、功能区目标值等重要信息,在单因子水质标识指数法基础上建立的综合水质标识指数法能完整表达河流总体的综合水质信息,既不会因个别水质指标较差就否定综合水质,又能对综合水质做出合理的评价;既可以在Ⅰ到Ⅴ类中比较水质的优劣,亦可以对劣Ⅴ类进行评价。为系统全面地研究浑河流域各不同河段水环境特征,将浑河流域划分为3个控制单元,根据2001—2010年间水质监测数据,采用综合水质标识指数法,识别出各控制单元主要污染因子,并阐明了浑河流域水环境质量时空变化规律,本研究即体现了全流域统筹考虑的系统思想,又体现了分区研究的针对性特点,并首次将综合水质标识指数法应用于浑河流域水质综合评价,其研究结论对水质监测数据的评价有一定的借鉴作用,亦对流域水污染防治对策的提出有一定的指导意义。     

城市雨水管网降雨径流污染特征及对受纳水体水质的影响

以北京市城区和近郊区选取的2个不同下垫面类型的汇水小流域为代表,在2008—2009年共进行了4场降雨过程的雨水管网出口和下游受纳水体水质同步监测.研究结果表明,分流制雨水管网降雨径流污染严重,其中悬浮物浓度高于城市污水,COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮浓度略低于城市污水,但明显高于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中的Ⅴ类标准,以及《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）中的一级B标准;木樨园小流域由于绿地面积比例小,道路面积比例大,城乡结合部地带环境卫生相对较差,雨水管网降雨径流各污染物的EMC浓度比西蒲小流域高21.4%—246.5%.雨水管网降雨径流存在一定程度的初期冲刷效应;雨水管网降雨径流中COD和总磷与悬浮物之间具有较强的相关性.管网降雨径流使受纳水体污染物浓度升高16.9%—541.7%,其中悬浮物、COD和氨氮升高幅度最大.增加城市绿地可明显降低降雨径流中的悬浮颗粒物及其携带的有机污染物的含量.     

Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Baikal water and adjacent air layer

The composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Baikal water and adjacent air layer and PAH emission composition profiles of possible sources were investigated. Analysis of emission composition data showed that the source profiles could not be grouped by fuel type or pyrogenic/petrogenic origin. Because of the similarity of source PAH profiles, the drawing of 3D mixing diagrams was the only way to check whether some of the potential PAH sources were the true sources. The mixing diagrams showed that the sources of air pollution were paper mills and wood burning and that the sources of water pollution were coal-fired and oil-fired boilers. The common source for both air and water was only oil and petroleum products. To determine the locations of PAH sources, their contributions to air and water pollution were calculated and mapped. Based on the results, air and water were polluted from both local and regional sources. The location of the zone influenced by a particular source was conditioned by physical properties of source emission, direction of air/water flows that transfer PAHs and temperature differences between mixing air/water flows.     

New insights into the formation of ammonium nitrate from a physical and chemical level perspective

● Factor analysis of ammonium nitrate formation based on thermodynamic theory. ● Aerosol liquid water content has important role on the ammonium nitrate formation. ● Contribution of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust is significant in haze periods. High levels of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) is linked to poor air quality and premature deaths, so haze pollution deserves the attention of the world. As abundant inorganic components in PM_2.5, ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) formation includes two processes, the diffusion process (molecule of ammonia and nitric acid move from gas phase to liquid phase) and the ionization process (subsequent dissociation to form ions). In this study, we discuss the impact of meteorological factors, emission sources, and gaseous precursors on NH₄NO₃ formation based on thermodynamic theory, and identify the dominant factors during clean periods and haze periods. Results show that aerosol liquid water content has a more significant effect on ammonium nitrate formation regardless of the severity of pollution. The dust source is dominant emission source in clean periods; while a combination of coal combustion and vehicle exhaust sources is more important in haze periods. And the control of ammonia emission is more effective in reducing the formation of ammonium nitrate. The findings of this work inform the design of effective strategies to control particulate matter pollution.     

甘肃徽县水阳江铅锌污染段纤毛虫群落特征及对水质的评价

2006年10月至2008年5月,在甘肃徽县水阳江铅锌污染段选择4个样点,分别在3个水期采集水样,研究了纤毛虫物种多样性及群落结构.共鉴定到纤毛虫52种,隶属于3纲12目29科33属.利用纤毛虫群落特征指标对水阳江铅锌污染段的水质进行了初步评价.综合评价结果显示,4个样点受污染程度为县城＞厂区＞牟坝＞对照,污染级别为中度至重度.初步筛选出瓜形膜袋虫(Cyclidium citrullus)、尾草履虫(Paramoecium caudatum)、薄漫游虫(Litonotus lamella)作为铅锌污染水体的指示物种.     

Assessment of the Water Quality of the River Arno in the Area of Florence,Italy

The quality of the waters collected from R. Arno was examined in the period September 1988 to December 1989. A first campaign in September/October 1988, during a period of low water, gives a general picture of pollution conditions along the river from the source to the mouth. the river appears to be heavily polluted immediately downstream of Florence and in the area of the textile industry.

In the second campaign, through the whole year 1989, particular attention has been given to the Florence area; the most significant results, compared with those from a previous investigation carried out in 1971, show only a small reduction of the pollution load, due to the shortage and inadequacy of wastewater depuration. Some considerations are reported on pollution drop with full spate.     

Assessment of the Water Quality of the River Arno in the Area of Florence, Italy

The quality of the waters collected from R. Arno was examined in the period September 1988 to December 1989. A first campaign in September/October 1988, during a period of low water, gives a general picture of pollution conditions along the river from the source to the mouth. the river appears to be heavily polluted immediately downstream of Florence and in the area of the textile industry.

In the second campaign, through the whole year 1989, particular attention has been given to the Florence area; the most significant results, compared with those from a previous investigation carried out in 1971, show only a small reduction of the pollution load, due to the shortage and inadequacy of wastewater depuration. Some considerations are reported on pollution drop with full spate.     

太湖重污染湖区和水源地水质概况及藻毒素污染环境风险

近年来太湖流域局部水质状况有所改善,但太湖藻型生境条件还未根本改变,水污染防治任务依然艰巨。确保太湖湖体水质稳定达标,尤其是加强对太湖重点湖区和水源地重点污染物的调查研究十分重要。在此背景下,本文调研了太湖重点湖区和水源地水质概况、藻毒素污染时空分布特征、环境影响因子和迁移转化规律,并总结了藻毒素的环境和健康风险研究的最新进展,指出了太湖西部湖区和饮用水源地的主要环境风险,以及未来太湖藻毒素污染相关研究需解决的关键技术问题,以期为促进太湖流域重点污染物的控制和治理,确保太湖饮用水源地安全提供有益借鉴。     

天津市地表水水质变化趋势及对策

水资源短缺和水体严重污染,是天津市的主要水环境问题。通过对天津市主要水体水质变化趋势及产生原因分析,揭示天津地区水污染的发生规律,并提出了改善水环境质量的相应对策。     

雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物时空变化特征研究

以雷州半岛为研究区，利用2000-2003年问南渡河与九洲江，以及赤坎水库与鹤地水库的4年常规监测数据，结合实地调查，利用数理统计分析，对雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物及其时空变化规律进行了初步研究。研究发现，河流与水库的水质均是以氮污染为主，水体有富营养化现象发生，同时，两河流在雨季都不同程度受到了非点源污染的影响，而只有赤坎水库明显受到了非点源污染的影响。究其原因，主要是由于土地利用方式的不同在一定程度上决定了雷州半岛地表水体非点源污染物质量浓度的时空变化特征。因此，只有合理调整流域和库区的土地利用方式、加强区域的水土流失治理工作，才能有效降低非点源污染所带来的地表水体环境污染问题。     

Total phosphorus accident pollution and emergency response study based on geographic information system in Three Gorges Reservoir area

• A new algorithm of two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model was built. • The migration and diffusion of TP was simulated. • The emergency measures for sudden water pollution accidents was proposed. In recent years, sudden water pollution accidents in China’s rivers have become more frequent, resulting in considerable effects on environmental safety. Therefore, it is necessary to simulate and predict pollution accidents. Simulation and prediction provide strong support for emergency disposal and disaster reduction. This paper describes a new two-dimensional water quantity and the quality model that incorporates a digital elevation model into the geographic information system. The model is used to simulate sudden water pollution accidents in the main stream of the Yangtze River and Jialing River in the Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The sectional velocity distribution and concentration change of total phosphorus are then analyzed under four hydrological situations. The results show that the proposed model accurately simulates and predicts the concentration change and migration process of total phosphorus under sudden water pollution accidents. The speed of migration and diffusion of pollutants is found to be greatest in the flood season, followed by the water storage period, drawdown season, and dry season, in that order. The selection of an appropriate water scheduling scheme can reduce the peak concentration of river pollutants. This study enables the impact of pollutants on the ecological environment of river water to be alleviated, and provides a scientific basis for the emergency response to sudden water pollution accidents in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.     

广东省跨市河流边界水质控制断面方案讨论

在对广东省主要跨市河流进行详细调查的基础上，分析现有跨市河流边界水质控制断面的存在问题；综合考虑跨市河段的地理位置、水体现状功能及水环境敏感性等因素，并兼顾上、下游地区社会经济发展现状及趋势，建议在新丰江、增江、韩江、灞江、绥江、西南涌、西江干流、榕江、枫江等河道新设边界水质控制断面13个，在全省共布设38个断面，构成广东省跨市河流边界水质达标管理的监测体系。文章还建议，要尽快制定广东省跨市河流边界水质保护条例，为加强广东跨市河流边界水质的达标管理，解决上下游地区之问的污染纠纷提供法律依据。     

九龙江流域规模化养殖环境风险评价

在GIS支持下采用养分收支平衡法对九龙江流域规模化生猪养殖的环境风险进行评价。规模化养殖污染负荷在不同类型养殖场的分配、空间分布规律以及规模化养殖的环境风险评价结果表明：规模化养猪业年产粪尿量达107万t，以小型规模化养殖场产生的污染负荷最高；整体来看，规模化生猪养殖的环境风险不大，但由于养殖场的地理分布集中，造成近郊区域规模化养殖的环境风险极高；由于过多施用化肥，中远郊规模化养殖粪尿未得到合理利用而流失。位于水系附近的养殖场对水体影响较大，根据“福建省畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法”，为减少规模化生猪养殖对九龙江水质的直接威胁，需搬迁主要支流沿岸1km范围内的规模化养猪场250个。     

九龙江流域规模化养殖环境风险评价

在G IS支持下采用养分收支平衡法对九龙江流域规模化生猪养殖的环境风险进行评价。规模化养殖污染负荷在不同类型养殖场的分配、空间分布规律以及规模化养殖的环境风险评价结果表明:规模化养猪业年产粪尿量达107万t,以小型规模化养殖场产生的污染负荷最高;整体来看,规模化生猪养殖的环境风险不大,但由于养殖场的地理分布集中,造成近郊区域规模化养殖的环境风险极高;由于过多施用化肥,中远郊规模化养殖粪尿未得到合理利用而流失。位于水系附近的养殖场对水体影响较大,根据“福建省畜禽养殖污染防治管理办法”,为减少规模化生猪养殖对九龙江水质的直接威胁,需搬迁主要支流沿岸1 km范围内的规模化养猪场250个。     

基于遗传算法的大庆市黎明河环境需水量优化配置

为克服水环境管理领域中多目标优化模型加权法求解时主观性强的缺点,将遗传算法与河流水质模拟模型相耦合用于大庆市黎明河生态环境水量优化配置的研究。该模型充分利用遗传算法的开放性和全局搜索的能力,从而得到了较满意的调水方案。对调水方案实施后的河流水质状况进行仿真的结果表明,水质有明显的改善,从而进一步证实了遗传算法应用于城市内河的生态环境水量优化配置的可行性和有效性。     

Transferable discharge permits and economic efficiency: The fox river

Recent emphasis on reforms of environmental regulation has led to suggestions for strategies which maintain environmental standards but allow the needed flexibility and cost effectiveness. The transferable discharge permit (TDP) is one such strategy for water pollution control recently adopted in Wisconsin. In this article, the potential for substantial cost savings from trading TDPs is demonstrated using data on the Fox River in Wisconsin. A simulation model of water quality (Qual-III) and a linear programming model of abatement costs determine the optimum pattern of discharge. Reaching that optimum from proposed pollution abatement orders is shown to be feasible. Varying conditions of flow and temperature can be accommodated using trade coefficients which can be accurately estimated through interpolation. The calculations demonstrate the value and feasibility of flexible regulations governing water pollution abatement.     

上海市松江镇饮用水水源区农牧业环境污染控制系统

本文系统研究了城乡结合部饮用水水源区的社会经济发展、污染成因、平原感潮河网水文及水质规律，以及污染治理技术和水环境管理。在此基础上进行综合考察与分析，并采用系统工程方法，通过计算机模拟，形成从数据采集到控制对策的实用技术系统。同时建立了以满足一定环境约束、取得最高生态环境效益的有３个层次共７个子模型构成的水环境管理模型，从理论和应用两方面解决经济发展与环境保护结合的问题。     

天津城区道路雨水径流水质监测及污染特征分析

城市市区道路由于交通活动产生大量的重金属、无机阴离子、营养盐、有机污染物等,对受纳水体的水质造成很大破坏,并影响了水体的生态环境.通过对天津城区不同功能区(商业区、文教区和居住区)的道路降雨径流的30个水质指标进行监测分析,评估天津市区道路雨水径流的污染程度,进而分析天津市区降雨污染的基本特征.结果表明,不同功能区理化指标平均浓度的大小顺序为:商业区>居住区>文教区,天津市区道路雨水pH接近中性;金属离子中铅在3个功能区中均超标,在商业区、文教区和居住区中分别超标1.16、1.05和1.28倍,且天津市区重金属污染浓度与南京和澳门相近;无机阴离子并未超出地表水质量标准V类标准或集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目标准限值.TN、TP、COD和BOD_5最大值分别严重超出国家地表水环境质量V类标准的2.5、2.0、10和50倍.挥发酚在3个功能区中均未超标,而阴离子表面活性剂在商业区、文教区和居住区分别超过地表水质量标准V类标准的37、17和6.3倍.     

珠江口磨刀门轮虫群落结构特征与水质生态学评价

轮虫是浮游动物群落中的重要组成部分,对水质变化反应敏感,调查轮虫群落的种类组成和丰度变化,可以获知水质变化和水体的营养状况,并可作为水质评价依据。于2009年7月至2010年1月,对珠江口磨刀门3个站点（S1滞水区、S2河道和S3水流交汇区）轮虫群落结构特征进行每月两次的调查,同时测定了水温、盐度、透明度、叶绿素、总氮、总磷等理化指标,利用非生物环境因子对水体的营养状况进行了TLIc加权综合营养状态指数评价,并通过轮虫种类组成、E/O指数、QB/T指数和生物多样性指数对水质进行了生态学评价。调查期间,水温12~29℃,盐度0.11~7.9 PSU,叶绿素a浓度0.89-9.56μg·L-1,叶绿素a与水温呈显著正相关（p〈0.0001）,与盐度呈显著负相关（p〈0.01）。磨刀门水域3个采样站点TLIc处于50~60之间,表明其水质均达到轻度富营养水平,富营养程度按S1、S2、S3依次递减。调查期间,共记录轮虫56种,S1站点轮虫种类最多,其中污染指示轮虫42种。污染指示种占轮虫总数比例表明,珠江口磨刀门达到了富营养化水平,与利用非生物环境因子作出综合营养状态指数TLIc的评价结果一致。磨刀门的优势种为广布多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）、螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）、热带龟甲轮虫（Keratella tropica）和暗小异尾轮虫（Trichocerca pusilla）。调查期间,轮虫丰度在S1、S2、S3变化范围分别为0~199 ind·L-1、1~54 ind·L-1和0~48 ind·L-1,平均丰度分别为31±54 ind·L-1、13±15 ind·L-1和11±13 ind·L-1。丰水期的8月下旬轮虫丰度达到最大值;枯水期丰度均较低。轮虫丰度与水温、总氮、叶绿素显著正相关（p〈0.05）,与盐度显著负相关（p〈0.05）。磨刀门河口理化因子变化剧烈,轮虫多样性指数波动范围较大,反映出河口水域轮虫群落结构的不稳定性。冗余分析（RDA）表明水温、盐度和叶绿素是影响轮     

Analysis and assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments: a case study from Luan River,Northern China

Concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr were examined in surface water and sediment from the Luan River inChina,. With a decline in Cu and Ni concentration found in surface water at downstream stations. This finding suggests that water currents are a major explanatory factor in heavy metal contamination. The abundance of Cr, Pb, and Cd observed in the middle reaches of the river indicates heavy metal contamination in local areas, although there was an obvious decrease in concentrations in the water downstream of the Daheiting Reservoir. The significant rising trend in Cu, Pb, and Ni seen the sediment farther away from the river also suggests that anthropogenic activities contribute to heavy metal pollution Sediments were therefore used as environmental indicators, with sediment assessment was conducted using the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) and the potential ecological risk index (RI). The I_geo values revealed that Cd (3.13) and Cr (2.39) had accumulated significantly in the Luan River. The RI values for most (89%) of the sampling stations were higher than 300, suggesting that sediment from the Luan River poses a severe ecological risk, with the potential ecological risks downstream higher than that in the upper and middle streams. Good correlations among Pb/Ni, Pb/Cd, Cu/Pb, and Cu/Cd in the water and Cr/Ni in the sediment were observed. Cluster analysis suggested that Cd may have various origins, being derived from anthropogenic sources.