外源铅铜镉在长三角和珠三角农业土壤中的转化

选择了我国经济发达地区的长江三角洲和珠江三角洲10个代表性农业土壤，采用室内培养和化学分级方法研究了加入外源铅、铜、镉在土壤中的动态变化及转化趋势，探讨了碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等土壤改良剂对土壤重金属形态的影响。结果表明，随着土壤重金属负荷的提高，土壤中交换态重金属的比例增大，残余态比例下降，有效性提高，对环境威胁增大。当重金属加入最较低时，重金属优先向氧化物结合态、有机质结合态转化；而当加入最较高时，向交换态和碳酸盐结合态转化的比例明皿增加。pH和土壤组分对重金属在土壤中的转化有显著的影响，土壤pH下降可使交换态Cd、Cu、Pb的比例递增。加入碳酸钙、粉煤灰、猪粪和钢渣等改良剂可显著地降低土壤中交换态重金属比例，增加其它形态的重金属比例。     

Effects of salinity on the transformation of heavy metals in tropical estuary wetland soil

Tropical estuary wetlands are important for aquaculture and wildlife. However, many of them receive large amounts of anthropogenic heavy metals annually. Here, the transformation of spiked heavy metals, namely, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the effects of salinity on their transformation in wetland soils after an eight-month-long incubation under moisture-saturation conditions were studied in the Pearl River estuary in China. Cd exhibited high mobility and bioavailability, with 12.2% to 25% Cd existing in the exchangeable fraction. Other heavy metals primarily existed in the reducible and oxidisable forms, and less than 2% were bound to the exchangeable fraction. Compared with the controls, contents of none of the metals associated with residual forms were significantly altered. These results imply that most exchangeable metals, except for Cd, transformed into other stable fractions through an eight-month-long ageing process, but not into the residual fraction. Thus, transformation from non-residual to residual forms was very slow in the tropical estuary wetland environment. Addition of NaCl increased the exchangeable fractions of Cd, Pb, and Zn, suggesting that increased soil salinity induced by flood tides during the dry season may enhance their mobility.     

铅锌矿自然扩散晕内重金属的污染特征及其防治技术

研究了湖南省郴县东坡铅锌矿自然扩散晕内重金属的污染特征及污染控制措施，结果表明，该区域内的环境污染是以Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ和Ａｓ为主的多金属复合污染，污染物在土壤中的化学形态以残渣态为主，水体中的细微尾矿砂颗粒物是重金属的主要迁移载体。该区域内作物中的Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ残留很高，用改变耕种制度的方法来控制铅锌矿区内的重金属污染是有效的     

铅锌矿区周边耕地土壤团聚体重金属污染状况及风险评估

为了解铅锌矿区耕地土壤团聚体污染状况,以贵州省都匀范家河铅锌矿区周围耕地土壤为研究对象,研究土壤团聚体中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)3种重金属垂直分布特征和赋存形态。采用三步连续提取法(BCR)对污染土壤团聚体中3种重金属进行赋存形态分析,利用分布因子法(DFx)和地质累积指数法(Igeo)评估其环境风险。结果表明:土壤样品中重金属Cd、Pb和Zn的平均质量分数分别为23.25、518.40、3471.83 mg·kg^-1,已分别达到贵州土壤背景值的35.23、36.35、14.73倍,且3种重金属在土壤团聚体中的含量与其主要赋存形态特征均存在明显差异。研究区域剖面土壤中各粒径Cd主要以残渣态和可还原提取态的形式存在,各粒径Pb主要以残渣态和可氧化提取态的形式存在,80%及以上各粒径Zn为残渣态,综合得出研究区域土壤中重金属潜在影响程度为Cd>Pb>Zn。分布因子法结果表明:在0-100 cm剖面深度,Cd主要富集在0.25-1 mm的颗粒中,Pb主要富集在1-2 mm的颗粒中,Zn主要富集在0.053-2 mm的颗粒中;地质积累指数法结果显示,各粒径颗粒中Cd、Zn的污染水平主要为重污染,Pb主要为偏重污染。研究矿区周围耕地土壤已受到严重的重金属污染,应采取有效措施进行修复治理。该文为范家河铅锌矿区环境风险评价提供基础,旨在为矿区环境管理提供数据支撑。     

Distribution and mobility of metals in agricultural soils near a copper smelter in South China

The distribution and mobility of heavy metals in the paddy soils surrounding a copper smelting plant in south China was investigated. We assessed the degree of metal contamination using an index of geoaccumulation. The metals were divided into two groups: (1) Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, whose concentrations were heavily affected by anthropogenic inputs, and (2) Ni, Co and Cr, which were mainly of geochemical origin. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb in the polluted soils were higher than the Chinese soil quality criteria. The chemical partitioning patterns of Pb, Zn and Cu indicated that Pb was largely associated with the residual and NH₂OH HCl extractable fractions. In contrast, Cd was predominantly associated with the MgCl₂ extractable fraction. A large proportion of Cu was bound to the acidic H₂O₂ extractable fractions, while Zn was predominantly found in the residual phase. The fraction of mobile species, which potentially is the most harmful to the environment, was found to be elevated compared to unpolluted soils in which heavy metals are more strongly bound to the matrix. The mobility of the metals was studied by water extraction using a modification of Tessier’s procedure, and the order of mobility was Zn > Cd > Cu  > Pb.     

西安市兴庆宫公园土壤中重金属含量研究及污染评价

通过对西安市兴庆宫公园表层土壤的取样调查,分析了Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr及Pb等5种重金属的含量及形态分布特征,并对其综合污染状况及潜在生态风险进行分析与评价。结果显示,兴庆宫公园的表层土壤呈碱性,并含有较多有机质;土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr及Pb平均含量分别为29．89mg／kg、55．28mg／kg、0．169mg／kg、66．71mg／kg和43．59ms／kg;土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr及Pb化学形态均以残渣态为主;整个公园土壤内梅罗污染指数为2．29,土壤重金属综合污染已经达到中度污染;整个公园潜在生态风险指数平均值为73．89,生态风险等级为轻微。     

Evaluating heavy metal contamination of riverine sediment cores in different land-use areas

• Metal pollution was studied in riverine sediments from different land-use areas. • Cd was the most serious heavy metal contaminant in riverine sediment cores. • Riverine sediment cores from industrial area were most polluted by heavy metals. • B1 fraction determined metal pollution, risk and toxicity in riverine sediments. Anthropogenic activities are regarded as the main sources of heavy metal pollution, yet few studies have investigated the effects of land-use setting on heavy metal accumulation in riverine sediments. Based on both total contents and geochemical fractions, heavy metal pollution, risk and toxicity were determined in riverine sediment cores from different land-use areas (mountain area- MA, farm area- FA, city area- CA, and industrial area- IA) of the Yang River Basin in North China. The results showed that FA had higher contents of riverine sedimentary Cu; CA had higher contents of Cd; IA had higher contents of both Cd and Zn. Most riverine sediments from FA and IA were contaminated with the investigated metals, although these concentrations were evaluated to have low potential ecological risk and no toxicity to benthic organisms. However, a high proportion of Cd in the B1 fraction of riverine sediments in IA indicating high risk should receive more attention. The B1 fraction largely determined the contamination, risk and toxicity levels associated with heavy metals in the riverine sediments of the Yang River Basin.     

贵阳市冬季PM_(2.5)中典型重金属元素的化学形态分析与健康风险评价

为了更准确地研究重金属的生物有效性和对环境与人体的潜在生态危害,采用改进BCR法分析了贵阳市冬季PM_(2.5)中Cu、Mn、Co、Cd、Pb这5种重金属元素的化学形态,并评价了它们的生物有效性和健康风险。结果表明:不同重金属元素形态分布存在差异,Cu主要是弱酸溶态,其次是可氧化态;Mn主要是弱酸溶态,其次是残渣态;Co没有检测出可还原态,而在其他3种形态分布比较平均;Pb和Cd绝大部分都是弱酸溶态。生物有效性系数(K)分析结果表明:重金属生物有效性强弱顺序为CdPbMnCuCo,其中Cd和Pb的K0.8,属于生物可利用性元素;Mn、Cu、Co的K值在0.4~0.7之间,属于潜在生物可利用性元素。健康风险评价表明:成人的致癌风险比儿童大,尤其Cd对成年人存在潜在的致癌风险,且成年男性高于成年女性;Mn存在潜在非致癌风险,且对儿童的风险最大。     

填埋场内重金属总量及其形态分布对迁移性的影响

以杭州市天子岭填埋场为例,对不同深度填埋层中的重金属总量、重金属迁移率和重金属形态分布进行了研究．结果表明,尽管填埋层中的重金属总量是土壤背景值的数十倍,超出土壤环境质量标准,但是重金属的迁移率却很低．另外,重金属迁移率与可交换态含量相关;Cd,Cu,Pb,Cr,Ni和Zn在填埋层中均以残渣态为主,填埋场中重金属都得到了有效固定,迁移性很差;各元素的易还原态与难还原态是重金属除残渣态之外主要的结合态(除Cr),铁锰氧化物循环是控制填埋场中重金属转化行为的主要机制之一;Cu的酸可溶态与易还原态具有较好的相关性,说明cu这两种形态的转化行为相似．     

甘肃某冶炼厂区土壤重金属铅、镉污染特征及其对微生物群落结构的影响

长期受到重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)污染的土壤生态危害指数较高,土壤微生物群落结构容易受到重金属的影响,重金属对土壤微生物的毒性与重金属的生物利用度直接相关.以白银市重金属污染土壤为样本,分析了土壤的理化性质、重金属Pb和Cd的污染状况及土壤微生物群落结构,探究它们之间的关联性.样本采自距离污染中心由近及远的4个位置(...     

珠江磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属含量及其分布特征

分析了在珠江磨刀门河口采集的37个表层沉积物样品重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As、Ni)的含量及分布特征。采用原子吸收法分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni的含量,采用冷原子吸收法分析了Hg、As含量。结果表明,口门处及其两侧和拦门沙内坡重金属的含量最高;外海区域重金属含量普遍较低;由口内河床至口门处,Cu、Cr、Hg、As的含量减小,Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni的含量逐渐增大;大部分重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Ni)的含量由口门处至拦门沙地区是先减小再增大的;由拦门沙至外海,Cu、Pb、Cd、As的含量减小,Zn和Ni的含量先减小后增大;由口门处至外海,Cr和Hg含量的总体趋势是增大的。磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属元素含量与CEC、小于0.001mm粘粒以及沉积物有机质含量的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平;重金属含量与沉积物pH值的相关性不显著;重金属元素的含量变化和分布规律还表明磨刀门表层沉积物的重金属主要受陆源污染物的影响。     

Chemical fractionation of metals in core sediments of Orogodo River,southern Nigeria

Sequential chemical extraction of metals (Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr, and Zn) from core sediments of the Orogodo River was carried out with a view of providing information on the phase distribution of these metals with respect to depths and seasons. The results indicate that copper was speciated into organic matter/sulfide, Fe–Mn oxides, and residual forms at 0–5?cm depth while at deeper sections copper was predominantly in the residual form. Nickel was speciated mainly into Fe–Mn oxides and residual forms. The average of lead in various particulate phases of the sediment are 0–100% for residual; 0–8% for carbonate; 0–16.2% for exchangeable; 0–10% for organic matter/sulfide form and 22–56% for Fe–Mn oxides bound metals. Manganese was speciated into exchangeable (10–36%) and Fe–Mn oxides bound (10–48%) at the surface layers of 0–20?cm depths and predominantly in the residual form in deeper sections implying partitioning into trioctahydral clay and/or well-defined crystalline oxides. Iron was predominantly in the Fe–Mn oxides and residual fractions, less than 8% in the organic fraction, and 24.4–37.3% in the exchangeable and carbonates fractions at the surface. The percentage contributions of iron in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions decreased to 3.2% at 55–60?cm depth. The amount of chromium in the exchangeable fraction ranged from 0% to 7% for exchangeable; 0–26.5% for organic matter/sulfide bound; 3.8–17.9% for Fe–Mn oxides; and 46.8–100% for residual fraction. The mobility factors of the metals indicated that these metals were relatively mobile at top sections as compared with deeper sections. The overall picture of metal mobility and availability indicates potential contamination risk by Fe, Zn, Mn, and Pb in the Orogodo River sediment system.     

大气PM2.5中重金属的化学形态分布

运用多级连续提取法,对广州市不同季节不同采样高度大气PM2.5中重金属的化学形态和生物有效性进行分析。研究表明,PM2.5中各重金属元素之间的化学形态分布差异较大,Zn、Cd、As、Mn主要分布在F1(可溶态与可交换态)和F2(碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态),绝大部分的Pb以F2存在,Ni和Mo主要分布在F1和F3(有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态),Cu主要以F2和F3存在,Cr主要分布在F3和F4(残渣态),Co则4种形态平均分布。采样高度对重金属的化学形态分布影响不大,同一采样期内楼顶与地面样品中同一元素的化学形态分布结果比较一致。两个采样季节重金属的形态百分比存在不同程度的变化,2007年春重金属的不稳定态(F1)比例比2006年秋普遍增加,次稳定态(F2、F3)比例减少。在10种重金属中,Cd、Zn、Pb和As的生物有效性系数高(>0.7),属于生物可利用性元素,在环境中的活动性要明显高于其它元素;Mn、Cu、Mo、Co、Ni和Cr元素的生物有效性系数值在0.2～0.6之间,属于潜在生物有效性元素,在环境中比较稳定。     

大气PM_（2.5）中重金属的化学形态分布

运用多级连续提取法,对广州市不同季节不同采样高度大气PM2.5中重金属的化学形态和生物有效性进行分析。研究表明,PM2.5中各重金属元素之间的化学形态分布差异较大,Zn、Cd、As、Mn主要分布在F1（可溶态与可交换态）和F2（碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态）,绝大部分的Pb以F2存在,Ni和Mo主要分布在F1和F3（有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态）,Cu主要以F2和F3存在,Cr主要分布在F3和F4（残渣态）,Co则4种形态平均分布。采样高度对重金属的化学形态分布影响不大,同一采样期内楼顶与地面样品中同一元素的化学形态分布结果比较一致。两个采样季节重金属的形态百分比存在不同程度的变化,2007年春重金属的不稳定态（F1）比例比2006年秋普遍增加,次稳定态（F2、F3）比例减少。在10种重金属中,Cd、Zn、Pb和As的生物有效性系数高（〉0.7）,属于生物可利用性元素,在环境中的活动性要明显高于其它元素;Mn、Cu、Mo、Co、Ni和Cr元素的生物有效性系数值在0.2～0.6之间,属于潜在生物有效性元素,在环境中比较稳定。     

城市地表颗粒物重金属分布特征及其影响因素分析

城市地表颗粒物作为重金属的重要载体,严重危害城市人群和水体,已成为城市环境的重要研究对象。阐述了对地表颗粒物重金属的空间、粒径、赋存形态等分布特征及其影响因素进行系统分析的意义。通过对国内不同城市不同功能区的重金属（主要为：Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb）数据进行对比分析,各功能区重金属污染情况为：Cu、Pb：工业区〉商业区〉交通区〉居民区〉休闲区;Zn：工业区〉交通区〉商业区〉居民区〉休闲区;Cd：交通区〉工业区〉商业区〉居民区〉休闲区,同时各功能区中Zn、Pb含量波动性较大。整体上国内工业区、交通区和商业区地表颗粒物重金属污染严重。与我国的土壤重金属背景值相比,4种金属中Cd污染程度最为严重。探讨了与国外部分城市地表颗粒重金属污染特征之间的差异,指出国内城市重金属含量均值整体上低于欧美发达城市,而国内一线城市重金属含量明显偏高。系统分析了颗粒物重金属的粒级效应,赋存形态以及生物有效性。综述了城市交通活动（主要为交通流量、车辆行驶速度、变速频率、车辆类型、道路特征等）、降雨冲刷事件、雨前干燥期、大气风力作用、和其他因素对地表颗粒物重金属分布特征的影响。某种程度上,道路车辆的行驶速度和变速对颗粒物重金属累积的影响作用大于交通流量。不同降雨事件和雨前干燥期对重金属分布特征影响的研究结论不一,但地表颗粒对大气PM2.5重金属贡献较大。今后应在以下方面进一步加强对城市地表颗粒物重金属的研究：建立颗粒物粒径划分标准;加强重金属在降雨冲刷过程变化规律的分析;探讨地表颗粒物与大气颗粒物重金属转换关系;还应开展中小型城市,城乡结合部（城中村）地表颗粒物重金属污染特性研究。     

Speciation of Heavy Metals in Floodplain and Flood Sediments: a Reconnaissance Survey of the Aire Valley, West Yorkshire, Great Britain

A five-step sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd), with major sedimentary phases (exchangeable, surface oxide and carbonate, Fe and Mn oxides, organic and residual metal ions), in samples from floodplain and recent flood sediments of the River Aire, West Yorkshire. Analysis indicates that metals Pb and Zn are primarily associated with the Fe and Mn oxides, Cu with the organic fraction and Cd with exchangeable and surface oxide and carbonate metal ions. Knowledge of the chemical speciation of heavy metals in river sediment, despite the procedure's inherent limitations, facilitates an understanding of their bioavailability, storage and remobilisation in floodplain and river channel environments.     

典型野生食用菌重金属含量及其人体健康风险评价

土壤重金属污染是影响生态环境、食品安全和人体健康的重要因素.云南省土壤重金属背景值较高,且矿产资源丰富、采矿活动频繁,导致土壤重金属含量较高.野生食用菌是高效重金属储积器,云南是中国野生食用菌最大产区.因此,本文以云南省8种典型野生食用菌为研究对象,探究其重金属含量(汞、镉、铅、锌、铜、砷)与分配特征,采用单因子污染指...     

Heavy metal and nutrient contamination of marine sediments in Hong Kong

A monitoring programme was performed to use marine sediments as an indicator of marine contamination in Hong Kong. A total of 51 samples were collected from eight marine sites and analysed for pH, redox potential, salinity, total‐N, total‐P, total organic carbon, and total Cu, Zn Pb, Cr and Cd. Sites with high industrial or aquacultural activities contained high total organic carbon contents, total‐N and total‐P contents. Sediments from sites with high industrial activities also enriched with heavy metals. Metal speciation results indicate that Cu and Cr existed mainly in the organic fraction, Pb and Zn were distributed approximately equally in both the organic and residual fractions while Cd mainly occurred in the residual fraction. The Cu, Cr and Zn contents were highly correlated with total organic carbon contents. All samples were classified as non‐acid forming according to the net acid generation test and only samples from the industrial site released a high concentration of heavy metals under a complete oxidising condition. The present study reveals that organic and heavy metal pollution is serious in the marine sediments of Hong Kong, and industrial and aquacultural activities are probably the major sources of contamination.     

Identifying factors that influence soil heavy metals by using categorical regression analysis: A case study in Beijing,China

A method was proposed to identify the main influence factors of soil heavy metals. The influence degree of different environmental factors was ranked. Parent material, soil type, land use and industrial activity were main factors. Interactions between some factors obviously affected soil heavy metal distribution. Identifying the factors that influence the heavy metal contents of soil could reveal the sources of soil heavy metal pollution. In this study, a categorical regression was used to identify the factors that influence soil heavy metals. First, environmental factors were associated with soil heavy metal data, and then, the degree of influence of different factors on the soil heavy metal contents in Beijing was analyzed using a categorical regression. The results showed that the soil parent material, soil type, land use type, and industrial activity were the main influencing factors, which suggested that these four factors were important sources of soil heavy metals in Beijing. In addition, population density had a certain influence on the soil Pb and Zn contents. The distribution of soil As, Cd, Pb, and Zn was markedly influenced by interactions, such as traffic activity and land use type, industrial activity and population density. The spatial distribution of soil heavy metal hotspots corresponded well with the influencing factors, such as industrial activity, population density, and soil parent material. In this study, the main factors affecting soil heavy metals were identified, and the degree of their influence was ranked. A categorical regression represents a suitable method for identifying the factors that influence soil heavy metal contents and could be used to study the genetic process of regional soil heavy metal pollution.     

宁波市回龙河表层沉积物重金属的形态分析及风险评价

为了解回龙河表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,采集了表层沉积物样品,测定了重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的总量及其化学形态,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对重金属进行了生态风险评价。结果显示,回龙河表层沉积物中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni均有一定程度的累积,总量分别为286.4～1277.9mg/kg、21.71～146.0mg/kg、10.33～44.20mg/kg、25.13～90.40mg/kg、0.07172～0.3901mg/kg、13.27～157.2mg/kg,其中Cu、Cr、Pb与Ni 4种重金属具有一定的同源特性;形态分析表明,Cu的形态分布以有机结合态为主,最容易迁移释放,Zn、Cr和Ni除残渣态外,铁锰氧化结合态和有机结合态占一定比例,具有潜在风险;潜在生态风险指数法分析表明,沉积物中重金属元素的单一潜在生态风险指数顺序为Cd〉Cu〉Ni〉Zn〉Pb〉Cr,潜在生态危害指数RI均小于150,总体上回龙河处于轻微的生态风险等级。