我国农村生活垃圾的产生现状及处理模式

推进农村生活垃圾分类、收集与处理是建设整洁美丽新农村的迫切要求。我国典型农村地区生活垃圾产生量目前大多数在0.4kg/(人·d)左右,约是城市的1/3。垃圾中可堆肥的易腐垃圾约占60%,可回收的废品类约占20%。经过垃圾分拣分流后,最终需要处置的垃圾量不足垃圾收集总量的20%。"组保洁、村收集、镇转运、县(市)集中处置"的农村生活垃圾处理模式对许多农村地区仍有较大局限性,在农村生活垃圾分拣分流的基础上发展与有机农业或高效农业相结合的农村生活垃圾就地处理或资源化技术(如堆肥、沼气发酵、蚯蚓或昆虫幼虫处理)有较大推广应用价值。针对我国农村生活垃圾的产生特征与处理现状,提出了适应于农村地区的垃圾处理模式和管理政策。     

城市生活垃圾处理方法的探讨

介绍了国内外城市垃圾处理概况和吉林市城市生活垃圾的处理状况，对国内外城市生活垃圾处理方法做出了利弊分析。根据对吉林市越山路垃圾填埋场建设项目的评估，对吉林市城市生活垃圾处理方法提出了建议，即“不要盲目采用焚烧法，慎重开发利用城市垃圾填埋场，努力实现垃圾分类收集，积极推广堆肥处理法，认真开展热解法，实现卫生填埋”等城市生活垃圾无害化处理构想。     

模糊综合评价法应用于成都市生活垃圾处理

本文以成都市城市生活垃圾处理方案为研究对象,采用模糊综合评价法对4种生活垃圾处理方案（卫生填埋、高温堆肥、焚烧处理和综合处理）进行优选。针对成都市城市生活垃圾的特点和城市特征以及方案论证必须要考虑的因素,分别从经济、环境、技术、社会等4个层次,选取15个指标,再对指标体系进行量化、归一化、综合评价,建立模糊综合评价模型。由此可得成都市城市生活垃圾处理方法的最佳排序为：焚烧法、卫生填埋法、综合处理法、堆肥法。     

我国城市生活垃圾处理标准体系日趋完善

一、垃圾处理标准备受关注目前,与垃圾从收集到处理过程中的各环节技术要求相对应的工程技术标准有《生活垃圾分类收集方法与评价标准》;《生活垃圾转运站设计规范》;《生活垃圾堆肥处理工程技术规范》;《生活垃圾卫生填埋工程技术规范》以及《生活垃圾焚烧处理工程技术规范》。这些标准作为通用技术标准,在转运站的选址,规模、建设和环境、分选设备、中转设备和设施;在堆肥原料、堆肥工艺、环境保护、堆肥厂的设计、施工验收;在焚烧厂的总体工艺,生活垃圾产量与特性分析,垃圾接收、储存、运输、焚烧系统、烟气净化系统、垃圾热能利用系统、…     

我国城市生活垃圾的处理和发展趋势

城市生活垃圾给城市环境造成了严重污染，威胁了城市居民的生存环境和经济、社会的可持续发展。目前，国内采取的垃圾处理技术主要有卫生填埋、焚烧、堆肥等，热解技术由于具有资源回收率高、二次污染小、综合效益好等优点，越来越适合我国中小城市的垃圾处理。垃圾气化技术的研究成为当今世界的热点。此外，我国对垃圾衍生燃料的研究也刚刚起步。为促进城市持续、稳定的发展，提出了垃圾分类收集、分拣、综合利用垃圾处理技术的措施。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥处理工程项目建设标准

第一章总则第一条为促进社会经济和环境保护的协调发展，实现城市生活垃圾处理的无害化、减量化和资源化，加强国家对建设项目投资和建设的管理，提高城市生活垃圾堆肥处理工程项目的决策和规划建设水平，合理确定和正确掌握建设标准，保护环境，推进技术进步，充分发挥投资效益，制定本建设标准。第二条本建设标准是为项目决策服务和合理确定项目建设水平的全国统一标准，是编制、评估、审批城市生活垃圾堆肥处理工程项目可行性研究报告的重要依据，也是有关部门审查城市生活垃圾堆肥处理工程项目初步设计和监督检查整个建设过程标准的尺度…     

高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾过程中的部份微生物学问题

本文描述了高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾过程中的微生物生态学过程。多种微生物分别在不同阶段参与了垃圾堆肥的发酵腐熟过程。论述了垃圾发酵期间 ,人工接种功能微生物菌剂可以加速堆肥材料的发酵腐熟作用 ,缩短发酵周期 ,节省城市生活垃圾处理的运行成本。     

浙东大渔港,太阳能让农村垃圾资源化

随着农村日产生活垃圾量的增长,一些垃圾填埋场不堪负重,部分偏远山区、海岛的村庄受地域限制,日常生活垃圾处理成本较高,导致村庄垃圾收集外运处理状况不佳,影响农村生态环境。为实现农村从“末端处理”向“减量化、资源化、无害化”处理转型,改善农村生产生活环境,创新生活垃圾处理方式势在必行。     

高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾处理城市生活垃圾过程中的部分微生物学

本文描述了高温堆肥发酵工艺处理城市生活垃圾过程中的微生物生态学过程。多种微生物分别在不同阶段参与了垃圾堆肥的发酵腐熟过程。论述了垃圾发酵期间,人工接种功能微生物菌剂可以加速堆肥材料的发酵腐熟作用,缩短发酵周期,节省城市生活垃圾处理的运行成本。     

生活垃圾的分类处理

生活垃圾 一般可分为四大类：可回收垃圾、厨余垃圾、有害垃圾和其他垃圾。目前常用的垃圾处理方法主要有综合利用、卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.