桂林市大气降水的化学组成特征及来源分析

为揭示桂林市大气降水的组成成分变化特征和来源,于2015年1—12月期间采集了桂林市大气降水样品,分析其中pH、电导率、主要阴阳离子(K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、F~-、Cl~-)及重金属元素(As、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb)浓度的季节变化特征及湿沉降通量.研究结果显示,桂林市大气降水pH值分布范围介于4.13—7.37之间,其中pH值小于酸雨临界值5.6的占48.0%,表明桂林市降雨存在一定的酸化现象.电导率(EC)变化介于4.53—128.10μS·cm~(-1)之间,雨量加权平均值为16.44μS·cm~(-1).阴离子以SO24-和NO3-为主,雨量加权平均含量分别为94.50μeq·L~(-1)、30.48μeq·L~(-1),占阴离子总量的65.28%和21.06%,其次为Cl-,阳离子以Ca2+为主,雨量加权平均含量为97.67μeq·L~(-1),占阳离子总量的58.76%,其次为NH_4~+,占阳离子总量的/NO_3~-平均值为2.45,大气降水属于硫酸-硝酸混合型,具有逐步向硝酸型转变的趋势.阴阳离子三角图和pearson相关性分析表明,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)主要来自地壳源和人为源,Ca~(2+)对致酸阴离子NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)的中和作用大于NH_4~+,桂林降水中可能存在以CaSO_4和Ca(NO_3)_2为主的化学物质,Na+主要来源于海洋输送,K~+则来源于人类活动.溶解态重金属元素的平均浓度为127.4μg·L~(-1)(0.349—443.8μg·L~(-1)),重金属湿沉降通量平均值为12.193 mg·(m~2·a)~(-1),其中Zn、Cu的年沉降通量较高,分别占总沉降通量的59.72%和28.80%.     

离子色谱法同时检测微环境中的酸性气体

利用淋洗液流路切换技术,在一次分析过程中使用两种浓度的氢氧化钠淋洗液,对CH3COO-,HCOO-,Cl-,NO-2,SO2-4和NO-3进行分离和检测,建立了离子色谱同时测定微环境中酸性气体的方法,结果表明,六种阴离子标准曲线的线性相关系数大于0.9990,检测限在0.5μg·l-1-2.5μg·l-1之间.甲酸根和乙酸根的回收率在99%-109%之间.并在博物馆进行实地采样,对空气质量进行相对的评价.     

成都市冬季辐射雾生消过程的无机阴离子变化

分别在成都市市区和郊区采集冬季辐射雾雾水样品,pH值范围在4.58—6.39之间,平均值为5.57.离子色谱分析其无机阴离子(SO42-,NO3-,Cl-)浓度水平.结果显示,雾水中的阴离子以SO42-浓度最高(3.11mg.l-1),NO3-(0.20mg.l-1)和Cl-(0.25mg.l-1)相对较低;雾生消过程中市区和郊区雾水样品阴离子的变化规律及分布特征有显著差异.雾水中的阴离子浓度普遍低于此期间的降水.     

浊点萃取-高效液相色谱测定土壤及底泥中痕量多环芳烃

采用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)超声波辅助浊点萃取(CPE),高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定土壤及底泥中痕量多环芳烃(PAHs),在SDS浓度为2.75%,HCl用量为4.2mol·l-1,平衡温度为70℃.恒温时间为50min的最佳条件下,萘、芴、苊烯、菲和芘的方法检测限分别:31.40,18.84,12.56,94.20和31.40μg·l-1,线性范嗣为0-10.0 mg·l-1.     

珠江源区南、北盘江丰水期水化学组成特征及来源分析

为了解珠江上游高侵蚀地区流域水环境现状,于2014年7月采集了珠江源区的北盘江和南盘江河水样品进行分析.结果表明,南、北盘江丰水期河水p H值在7.4—8.4之间,为弱碱性;TDS平均含量为307 mg·L-1,高于珠江、长江干流.Ca2+和Mg2+是主要的阳离子,含量分别为61.64、10.98 mg·L-1,HCO-3是最主要的阴离子,含量范围在71.86—222.89 mg·L-1之间.离子组成分析和相关性分析表明,研究区河水离子主要受碳酸盐岩风化控制,存在部分玄武岩、砂岩的影响,硫酸参与了流域碳酸盐岩的风化,农业活动也有部分贡献.SO2-4和NO-3相关性分析表明,北盘江SO2-4和NO-3应该主要来源于煤炭及煤炭工业,而南盘江则受到更强烈的城镇和化工废水的影响.Cl-/Na+与SO2-4/Na+、NO-3/Na+相关性表明,Cl-与NO-3有共同的来源,受农业活动影响明显.南盘江流域管理要侧重城镇工业废水、农业面源污染治理,而北盘江流域除了城镇、工业废水外,还需要特别加强对流域内煤炭企业的的监管.     

赣江上游河水中主元素、锶和锶同位素端元组分的探讨

对赣江上游河水中主要离子的水化学特征进行研究,结果显示:Ca/Sr=480-897(均值为717),Mg/Sr=191-296(均值为231),Ca/Na=0.60-2.79(均值为1.19),Mg/Na=0.19-0.66(均值为0.38),Si的浓度在4.06-6.57 mg·1-1之间,赣南流域河水中富集Na 和K ,而Mg2 和Ca2 含量相对较少,Si的含量较高且变化不大.通过海盐校正分析得出,研究区域内大气降水对河流组分的贡献率为9.90%.根据质量平衡方程模型算出流域主元素的69%来源于硅酸盐岩的风化.硅酸盐岩、碳酸盐岩和蒸发盐岩风化对溶解态锶的贡献率依次为48.3%,27.4%和4.3%.通过对主元素、锶(0.20-0.45μmol·1-1,平均值0.32 μmol·1-1)以及锶同位素比值(0.7165-0.7249,平均值为0.721)的综合研究,赣南流域87Sr/86Sr与1/Sr呈显著的正相关关系,并且从Mg/Na*,Ca/Na*,Mg/Ca,HCO3-/(HCO3- SO42-)和87Sr/86Sr的关系图中发现:硅酸盐岩的风化对赣南流域水体的化学组成起主要控制作用,碳酸盐岩次之,蒸发盐岩风化的影响不大,人为活动影响较小.通过锶同位素的平衡方程得出:赣南流域为大气降水和岩石风化的混合型,大气降水对赣江上游87Sr/86Sr的贡献率约为9.7%,岩石风化对其贡献率约为90.3%.     

河西走廊东段大气降水特征及水汽来源分析

通过连续收集降水样品对河西走廊东段大气降水特征及水汽来源进行研究,运用相关分析、因子分析、富集因子和HYSPLIT模型,探讨2013年7月3日—2014年7月3日河西走廊东段降水常量离子的化学特征,结果表明,河西走廊东段p H值介于6.86—8.71,降水样品的电导率分布在78.42—502.50μS·cm-1之间.Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Cl~-、NO-3和SO_4~(2-)是降水中的主要离子,Ca~(2+)和Na+的浓度占阳离子总浓度的77.43%,而Cl-、NO-3和SO_4~(2-)占阴离子总浓度的99.12%,降水中阳离子浓度的大小顺序为Ca~(2+)Na+NH_4~+K+Mg~(2+),降水中阴离子浓度的大小顺序为SO_4~(2-)NO-3Cl-NO_2~-F-;夏季大气降水中总离子浓度最低(50.61 ueq·L-1),而冬、春两季浓度较高,且春季最高(115.45 ueq·L-1);而单个降水离子的最高浓度却多出现在3—7月份;河西走廊东段的降水离子主要受陆源以及工农业生产和人类活动控制,海盐离子的影响极小.     

黄河下游地区河水主要离子和锶同位素的地球化学特征

对黄河下游地区河水主要阴阳离子、锶元素及其同位素组成进行了分析.结果发现其水化学组成主要以Ca~(2+),Na~+,HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)离子为主,分别占阴阳离子组成的75%以上.干流与支流间在化学组成上存在显著差异,黄河干流的SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-和Cl~-具有共同的来源,而支流河水中的SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-和Cl~-来源不同.黄河下游具有较高的锶含量及较低的锶同位素组成,锶含量变化范围在0.0429 mg·l~(-1)-0.936mg·l~(-1)之间,平均含量为0.394 mg·l~(-1),锶同位素组成变化范围在0.70986-0.71139之间,平均值为0.71118,其中黄河人海口的锶同位素组成(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr=0.70986)与现代海水锶同位素比值(0.70916)相近,表明其锶同位素组成受海水作用影响较大.对主要元素、微量元素锶及其同位素组成分析研究发现,黄河下游地区河水锶同位素组成主要源于蒸发盐岩和碳酸盐岩的风化溶解作用,而人类活动的影响相对较小.由锶同位素平衡方程计算得出,黄河下游地区河水锶同位素组成由大气降水和岩石风化作用混合而成,其中大气降水对黄河下游地区~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr的贡献率约为30%,而岩石风化对其贡献率约为70%.     

玉龙雪山周边典型河流的水化学日变化特征

通过分析于2009年9月22日—28日期间,在玉龙雪山周边河流白水河采集的河水样品(采样间隔为2 h),对冰雪融水补给径流的日变化特征及其规律进行了深入研究.结果表明,白水河水中所测的阴离子以SO2-4含量最高,其次为NO-3和Cl-;阳离子中主要以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,其次为Na+、K+,不同于冰雪融水中的离子浓度序列Ca2+Na+K+Mg2+,反映了流域内基岩岩性对河水化学性质的影响;水体的pH值平均8.6,电导率介于29.9—73.5μS·cm-1之间,日周期波动幅度较大;受降雨影响时段,各离子含量峰值通常出现在16∶00左右,各离子含量随降雨量的增加呈增加态势(除SO2-4、NO-3外);在无降雨影响下,随径流量的增加,各离子含量表现出减小趋势.     

气溶胶水溶性无机物及有机物的离子色谱测定

利用离子色谱技术同时测定大气气溶胶中的水溶性有机物 (WSOC)与各种无机成分 ,检测出 1 2种无机离子 (F- ,Cl- ,NO-2 ,NO-3 ,SO2 -3 ,SO2 -4 ,PO3-4 ,Na ,NH 4,K ,Mg2 ,Ca2 )及 7种WSOC (甲酸、乙酸、甲磺酸、乙二酸、丙二酸、丁二酸、戊二酸 ) .该方法对无机离子的线性范围为 0 0 1— 1 0 0 0 μg·m- 3,有机物的线性范围为 0 0 0 5—1 0 μg·m- 3,相关系数除NH 4以外均高于 99 9% ,最低检测限为 0 0 0 0 1— 0 0 0 0 5 μg·m- 3,相对标准偏差为 0 43— 1 32 % .利用该技术 ,对北京市 2 0 0 1— 2 0 0 2年度大气PM2 5中水溶性物种的浓度水平进行了测定 .结果表明 ,北京市PM2 5中主要的水溶性组分为SO2 -4 ,NO-3 和NH 4,其浓度水平分别为 1 1 1 ,7 8和 6 2 μg·m- 3,各占PM2 5 质量的 1 0 6% ,7 4%及5 7% ,而WSOC的浓度水平为 0 0 1 1— 0 1 1 8μg·m- 3,占PM2 5质量浓度的 0 0 1— 0 1 % ,其中 ,乙二酸的浓度最高 ,其次为乙酸、丁二酸 ,丙二酸等 .     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.