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1.
PURPOSE: This scientific review provides a summary of the evidence regarding the benefits of reducing the illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving and providing a case for enacting a .05 BAC limit. RESULTS: Fourteen independent studies in the United States indicate that lowering the illegal BAC limit from .10 to .08 has resulted in 5-16% reductions in alcohol-related crashes, fatalities, or injuries. However, the illegal limit is .05 BAC in numerous countries around the world. Several studies indicate that lowering the illegal per se limit from .08 to .05 BAC also reduces alcohol-related fatalities. Laboratory studies indicate that impairment in critical driving functions begins at low BACs and that most subjects are significantly impaired at .05 BAC. The relative risk of being involved in a fatal crash as a driver is 4 to 10 times greater for drivers with BACs between .05 and .07 compared to drivers with .00 BACs. SUMMARY: There is strong evidence in the literature that lowering the BAC limit from .10 to .08 is effective, that lowering the BAC limit from .08 to .05 is effective, and that lowering the BAC limit for youth to .02 or lower is effective. These law changes serve as a general deterrent to drinking and driving and ultimately save lives. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This critical review supports the adoption of lower illegal BAC limits for driving. 相似文献
3.
滨河城市洪涝模拟涉及地表、管网和河道等不同水流运动特征的区域,需要解决模拟中密集建筑和复杂管网的问题,并实现外洪、内涝及其耦合计算.基于蚌埠市洪水风险来源和地形地貌特征,构建了河道、城市地表和城市管网耦合水动力数学模型.河网一维模型采用实测洪水资料进行率定与验证,沿程主要测站水位和流量模拟值与实测值误差较小;地表二维模型采用设置阻水导水构筑物、分区域布置糙率、干湿边界判断等方式对模型进行优化,能够反映城市复杂地表特征,水流运动合理;管网模型通过专家咨询、现场调研和外业测量等方式对模型进行了校正;采用闸、堰、泵站和集水井等构筑物对不同模型进行耦合,实现不同区域水流的动态互馈,模型可以作为洪涝精细化模拟和预测的计算平台.以蚌埠市为例,模拟了蚌埠市城区不同洪涝频率遭遇情况下外河溃堤洪水和城市暴雨内涝淹没情况,分析了淹没水深等洪涝要素,指出了外洪的高风险区域及洪水防守要点、城区易涝区及积水水深等,可为蚌埠城市防洪决策、应急预案和防汛抢险措施制定,以及城区防洪排涝规划和设计等提供支持和依据. 相似文献
4.
根据武汉市1998~2002年城市道路交通噪声检测数据以及相关的数据,分析相关因素的选取对GM(1,N)灰色模型的预测精度的影响.结果表明选取相关因素会降低GM(1,N)灰色模型的精度,而GM(1,1)模型则有较好的预测精度;利用GM(1,1)模型对武汉市2008年前的道路交通噪声进行了预测. 相似文献
5.
2001年12月22日至26日,中国安全防范产品行业协会第三届第三次理事(扩大)会议在黑龙江省哈尔滨市召开.会议总结了2001年协会工作;部署2002年工作;研究在中国加入WTO的背景下,开展协会工作,促进中国安防行业快速发展;听取理事单位对工作的意见和建议;通报<中国安全防范行业网>的运行情况;与会代表听取了<关于中国中小企业投融资问题>的报告和<报警传输系统串行数据接口的信息格式和协议-IEC60839-7系统标准>介绍. 相似文献
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通过现场道路尘土采集分析,道路里程、车流量、车型比例、年降雨天数等参数的调查,对桂林市中心区域各级(一级、二级、三级、四级和高速)道路扬尘细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染进行了研究,获得了各等级道路的路面尘负荷、排放因子并计算了PM2.5排放量。结果表明,桂林市中心区域整体道路交通欠发达,且道路扬尘对于PM2.5的贡献量较大,贡献量依次为:四级公路668.19 t、二级公路337.72 t、一级公路166.28 t、三级公路61.31 t、高速公路39.20 t。 相似文献
7.
Engineering for sustainable development (ESD) is an integrated systems approach, which aims at developing a balance between the requirements of the current stakeholders without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs. This is a multi-criteria decision-making process that involves the identification of the most optimal sustainable process, which satisfies economic, ecological, social criteria as well as safety and health requirements. Certain difficulties are encountered when ESD is applied such as ill-defined criteria, scarcity of information, lack of process-specific data, metrics and the need to satisfy multiple decision makers. To overcome these difficulties ESD can be broken down into three major steps, starting with the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the process, followed by generation of non-dominating alternatives, and finally selecting the most sustainable process by employing an analytic hierarchical selection process. This methodology starts with the prioritization of the sustainability metrics (health and safety, economic, ecological and social components). Then the alternatives are subjected to a pair-wise comparison with respect to each Sustainable Development (SD) indicator and prioritized depending on their performance. The SD indicator priority score and each individual alternative's performance score together are used to determine the most sustainable alternative. In this paper, the analysis approach and metrics for ESD are applied to bio-diesel production. 相似文献
8.
The safety assessment of an accident in the lunar base power plant is investigated for the stability of the operation. The lunar surface reactor is modeled for this study. The accident of cooling loop failure (ACLF) is one of the important scenarios for the virtual case in the moon nuclear power plant (NPP). The newly designed lunar nuclear power reactor (LNPR) is suggested for the commercial purpose. The system dynamics (SD) is used for the simulation of the safety assessment. The cyclic variation of the lunar surface temperature can affect to the physical situation of the coolant, which is expressed by the time step. The result shows the performance possibility of the long term cooling increases slightly in the short period of the time step. The dynamical simulation of the lunar environment is performed for the conceptual design of the NPP. 相似文献
9.
Identifying dead-legs and related corrosion issues continues to be a challenge in the process industry. Pipeline corrosion has been a factor in several recent incidents involving releases and fires. A review of incident reports and citations over the past ten years indicates that Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) revalidations have been noted for not addressing the hazards of a process including corrosion mechanisms and dead-legs. In order for the hazards to be addressed, they must first be accurately identified in a PHA and documented along with any recommended actions for preventive maintenance. This paper describes a methodology for identifying and addressing dead-legs and related corrosion issues in a PHA that can be used to update corporate PHA procedures to be more robust in preventing corrosion related incidents. 相似文献
11.
Inspired by the "critical incident technique" of McKnight et al. (1995) who analyzed 12,000 drivers' decisions leading to (or not to) DWI, and identified the influence of social, motivational, and economic factors, we have developed a social-sequential model of young drivers' DWI (driving while intoxicated) and RWDI (riding with a driver under influence) prevention. DWI or RWDI may be analyzed as a four-stage process: (1) the decision to drink and to associate leisure activities with drinking; (2) the management of alcohol consumption during the evening; (3) the decision to drive after drinking; and (4) the behavioral adaptation, once the decision to drive is taken (disinhibition of risk-taking or risk compensation). At each of these four stages, preventive action can reflect the intervention of two types of actors: (1) formal social control of behavior is influenced by professionals involved in accident prevention, and (2) informal social control of behavior is influenced by the proximal environment of the subject. 相似文献
12.
The overall objective of the maintenance process is to increase the profitability of the operation and optimize the total life cycle cost without compromising safety or environmental issues. Risk assessment integrates reliability with safety and environmental issues and therefore can be used as a decision tool for preventive maintenance planning. Maintenance planning based on risk analysis minimizes the probability of system failure and its consequences (related to safety, economic, and environment). It helps management in making correct decisions concerning investment in maintenance or related field. This will, in turn, result in better asset and capital utilization. This paper presents a new methodology for risk-based maintenance. The proposed methodology is comprehensive and quantitative. It comprises three main modules: risk estimation module, risk evaluation module, and maintenance planning module. Details of the three modules are given. A case study, which exemplifies the use of methodology to a heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system, is also discussed. 相似文献
14.
以甲基麦芽酚为原料,经4步反应合成得到一种新型的四齿双3,4-羟基吡啶酮类衍生物,通过红外、紫外、核磁、质谱对其结构进行了表征.采用等摩尔连续变化法测定了四齿双3,4-羟基吡啶酮衍生物与UO22+的络合常数,在pH=7.4时,络合常数lgK=22.7,证实所合成的四齿双3,4-羟基吡啶酮衍生物有望成为一种新型的核素促排剂. 相似文献
15.
为了加强和规范对劳动防护用品的监督管理,防止和减少生产安全事故的发生,保障从业人员的安全与健康,2005年7月,国家安全监管总局颁布了《劳动防护用品监督管理规定》(2005年1号令,以下简称《管理规定》),从2005年9月1日起实施。这标志着作为保障从业人员健康与安全的最后一道防线——劳动防护用品的监督管理工作在我国已经被列为安全生产工作的重要内容之一。存在的主要问题劳动防护用品是指劳动者在劳动过程中,为免遭或者减轻事故伤害或者职业危害所配备的防护装置。使用劳动防护用品,是保障从业人员人身安全与健康的重要措施,也是保障生… 相似文献
16.
设计一套可用于场(厂)内专用机动车辆制动系统现场检验的在线检测设备,将制动性能测量、多通道信号处理算法,以及智能化诊断集成于一体,通过显示窗口反馈设备运行过程中的关键参数与预警部位,并为检测结果判断安全等级,从而提高了检验效率,实现了检验设备的小型化、智能化. 相似文献
17.
Mechanical friction and impacts is still today a main cause of ignition of explosive atmospheres (ATEX) in the industry and this trend seems to be stable in time. This situation certainly results from a significant gap of knowledge in the underlying mechanisms so that the parameters to play on are not precisely identified. In this programme of European dimensions, the process of degradation of the mechanical energy into heat during friction and impacts have been studied. An extensive experimental programme is presented to this end. The mechanisms of dissipation of the mechanical energy into heat during friction has been studied with rubbing machines in which a slider equipped with temperature sensors rubs against a rotating wheel. For impacts, a new device has been developed using a special “air driven cannon” to propel a projectile accurately up to 50 m/s onto an inclined target. A very significant effort has been reserved to the investigation of the ignition mechanisms, not only for ATEX but also for dust accumulations. Some “simple” modelling is proposed on purpose of practical applications. For frictional situations, a critical rubbing power is calculated without any limitations about any lower boundary concerning the rubbing velocity. For “impacts”, the relevant parameter for ignition is not the kinetic energy of the projectile but its velocity and the nature of the materials. 相似文献
18.
一年一度的全国注册安全工程师执业资格考试又要开始了,今年的考试时间定于9月9~10日两天,考试科目为《安全生产法及相关法律知识》《安全生产管理知识》《安全生产技术》和《安全生产事故案例分析》4科。 相似文献
19.
The syngas produced by coal gasification processes can be utilized in Pd-based water-gas-shift membrane reactors for the production of pure H 2. Pd/alloy composite membrane reactors exhibit comparative advantages over traditional packed bed reactors such as simultaneous reaction/separation in one compact unit and increased reaction yields. Furthermore, the development of comprehensive process intensification strategies could further enhance membrane reactor performance resulting in a substantially smaller and functional, inherently safer, environmentally friendlier and more energy efficient process.A systematic non-isothermal modeling framework under both steady state and dynamic/transient conditions for a catalytic high temperature water-gas shift reaction in a Pd-based membrane reactor has been developed to characterize the dynamic behavior of the process system at various operating conditions from a process safety standpoint. In particular, various reaction conditions as well as key process variables such as feed temperature and flow rate, catalyst loading, driving force for H 2 permeation are considered as they are critically related to various safety aspects in the operation of a Pd-based membrane reactor. Within the proposed framework, process parameters and operating conditions which may induce hazards and compromise process safety are identified, analyzed and characterized. Finally, the proposed approach is evaluated through detailed simulation studies in an illustrative case study involving a real Pd-based membrane reactor used for pure hydrogen production and separation that exhibits complex behavior over a wide operating regime. 相似文献
20.
OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the main predisposing factor of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and, therefore, increases the risk of road crashes. However, it is difficult to rely on medical intake for OSA or fatigue since drivers' symptoms reports are not reliable. On the other hand, direct measurement of EDS among large numbers of drivers carries serious practical drawbacks. Obstructive sleep apnea, in turn, is strongly related to obesity, and elevated body mass index (BMI) is considered one of the major risk factors for OSA. Thus, it could be postulated that BMI may carry predictive value for EDS proneness. METHODS: The present study examined the interrelation between BMI, degree of OSA, as measured with Respiratory Distress Index (RDI), and the degree of EDS, as measured with the mean sleep onset latency in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) among obese (BMI = 32) professional drivers. The drivers went through polysomnography followed by the five sessions of MSLT in the next day. RESULTS: In accordance with prior studies, we have found strong correlation between BMI and the degree of OSA on the one hand, and between the degree of OSA and EDS on the other hand. OSA was detected among 77.7% of the drivers, 47.1% were sleepy, 19% had severe sleepiness [mean sleep latency [MSL < or = 5 min.], 28.1% had moderate sleepiness [MSL < or = 10 min.]. None of the drivers complained about any sleep problem, including snoring, and all reported that they do not experience excessive daytime sleepiness. Thus, there was no correlation between their subjective report and objective findings. CONCLUSIONS: Obese drivers with BMI above 32 are highly prone to be sleepy during the day. Their subjective reports of OSA or fatigue symptoms are not reliable. Therefore it is highly recommended to screen them easily by weight and height measure for further sleep study and decision about their driving abilities. 相似文献
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