城市洪水风险图编制研究——以福州为例

洪水风险图是标识区域洪涝成因、量级、特性、危及对象及应急对策等风险信息分布特征的一系列图的总称,当前已成为国内外城市防洪减灾工作中重要的非工程类措施之一。针对我国对洪水风险图的多元化需求,从不同服务目的出发对洪水风险图编制工作进行研究。提出了洪水风险图分层编制技术,将洪水风险图划分为实际洪水淹没图、洪水风险预测图和水灾风险评价信息等3个层次,并根据分层设计原则对编制不同类型洪水风险图所需的既往洪水信息、洪水风险预测信息、水灾风险评价信息做了详细论述。提出将洪涝仿真模拟技术应用于城市洪水风险图编制工作之中,针对洪水风险图的应用目的合理选定计算模型的初始条件、边界条件与运行控制方式等,经模拟计算获取编制洪水风险图所需的洪水风险信息。     

福建省滑坡灾害风险管理决策系统构建

依据自然灾害风险管理理论,结合致灾因子危险性和承灾体易损性构建简易的福建省滑坡灾害风险评估模型。利用1990-2013年福建省滑坡灾害的数据资料,构建滑坡灾害的数据库,编制以县域为单位的福建省滑坡灾害分布图、时间变化图和风险分布图。研究表明:福建省滑坡灾害年内变化大、年际波动上升、地区差异大;综合考虑致灾因子和承灾体的影响,福建省滑坡灾害风险高值主要分布在沙县和漳平市等闽中地区,与福建省滑坡灾害的空间分布相似。据此构建福建省滑坡灾害风险管理决策系统,提出增强民众防灾减灾意识、合理规划布局、加强监控预警、完善工程措施和风险规避等风险管理模式。为福建省滑坡灾害风险的评价与管理提供依据和方法。     

RS和GIS在滑坡泥石流防灾减灾中的应用

本文论述了遥感和地理信息系统在滑坡敏感性分析、可能性分析、风险分析以及在泥石流信息系统、泥石流危险度分析和泥石流预警等方面的应用,并展望了3S技术支持下的滑坡泥石流的预测、干涉测量合成孔径雷达在滑坡监测中的应用和防灾减灾决策支持系统等三个方面的前景.     

浙江省永嘉县滑坡灾害风险预警研究

永嘉县地处浙江省东南沿海,是该省突发性地质灾害预警预报系统研究及应用示范项目的四个示范县之一.首先对影响永嘉县滑坡灾害发育的主要因素进行了评价分析,提出了基于降雨的时空耦合滑坡灾害风险性预警预报研究的基本思路.基于MAPGIS二次开发系统,选取5个因素14种状态作为预测变量,运用信息-物元模型进行了滑坡灾害易发性空间预测.基于有效降雨量模型建立了区域滑坡灾害的宏观危险性预警预报模型.根据浙江省气象台提供的降雨实时信息,进行了基于降雨的台风期滑坡灾害危险性预警.同时基于人口密度和房屋建筑易损性指数对人口易损性和房屋建筑易损性以乡镇为单元进行了评价,与滑坡灾害危险性预警相结合进行了云娜台风期间永嘉县滑坡灾害风险预警预报,并以8个灾害点的实际分布情况验证了预警结果的准确性.将传统的滑坡灾害危险性预警延伸到滑坡灾害风险预警预报,为政府部门防灾减灾提供了重要依据,使防灾减灾工作的针对性大大增强.     

兰州地区滑坡风险因素及其与区域构造的关系

滑坡作为一种典型的环境地质灾害，其危害日趋严重。利用地理信息系统及空间分析技术分析了兰州地区滑坡风险的主要影响因素、滑坡风险分布规律及其与地形地貌和地质构造的关系，得到的主要结论为：兰州地区滑坡受地形地貌和地质构造影响较大；滑坡风险分布的集中程度为南部基岩山区和黄土梁区坡度较陡峭区域的滑坡分布较为密集，属于滑坡高风险区，而北部黄土丘陵区坡度平缓区域的滑坡分布比较分散，属于滑坡低风险区；研究区域内滑坡风险相对集中的区域面积较小，而相对分散的区域面积较大；滑坡风险沿市区两山成带状分布，且分布趋势与黄河北岸的北西西向断层、西固北岸的北北西向断层以及黄河以南的北北西向断层方向一致。     

GIS支持下的滑坡空间预测与危险等级划分

以日本早池峰山地域为研究对象,借助航片、TM影像、数字化地图以及各种统计资料和现有专题图等主要数据,利用美国MicroImage公司开发的TNTmips地理信息系统,将数量化理论与地理信息系统紧密结合,对区域滑坡进行了空间预测和危险等级划分.提取并计算了滑坡以及包括坡度、坡向、海拔、坡面倾斜类型、降雨、植被、土壤和地质等8个滑坡影响因子,得到了滑坡及其影响因子的空间分布图.在此基础上,抽取372个样本,应用数量化理论对这些样本进行了分析,建立了区域滑坡预测模型.该模型经研究区域共1296384个样本检验,模型预测精度达80.49%.最后,以滑坡发生概率为基准,对滑坡危险等级进行了划分.     

基于GIS的南通市自然灾害风险区划

本文从自然致灾因子危险性和承灾体易损性2个方面选取评价指标,在南通市基础图件的基础上,通过GIS软件分析分别得到南通市自然致灾因子危险性分区图和社会经济易损性分区图.两图叠加后,生成南通市自然灾害风险区划基本单元,采用自下而上的定量区划方法,合并得到自然灾害风险区划图,最后分别论述了每个风险区的自然灾害和社会经济的特征.通过对风险区划指标和区域划分的探讨,以期为南通市防灾减灾工作提供科学依据.     

滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术研究进展∗

滑坡在我国分布范围广、发生频率高,严重威胁人民的生命财产安全和国家重大工程建设及其长期运营.为减轻滑坡地质灾害,实现防灾减灾救灾效益最大化,亟需开发更有效的滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术.对滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术的研究现状进行系统总结,包括应急抢险技术、应急治理技术、特殊工程应急处置技术和应急监测预警技术,指出当前存在的主要问题和进一步发展方向,以期推动我国滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术的快速发展和行业工作的规范化,为防灾减灾救灾工作提供有益参考.     

单体滑坡灾害风险预测

以重庆市万州区农机技校滑坡为例,讨论了单体滑坡灾害的风险预测方法。提出采用Monte-Carlo方法预测滑坡发生的概率,利用能量守恒原理和谢德格尔公式推算滑程;结合滑坡裂缝的展布方位,预测出滑坡灾害发生后的影响范围;根据承灾体自身特点和相对于滑坡所处的位置,确定出滑坡灾害影响范围内承灾体的易损性;利用GIS对空间数据的图形叠加功能,将滑坡危险性和灾害易损性叠加,并在考虑库区水位动态变化的基础上,动态预测滑坡灾害导致的经济损失,定量预测滑坡灾害风险大小。结果表明,该滑坡在坝前145m水位和50年一遇暴雨工况下可能的经济损失值最大为10260万元;而在滑坡危险性最大的工况下,滑坡灾害风险不一定最大。所得结果可为滑坡灾害防治工程或土地规划立项提供依据,使政府决策部门在防灾减灾工作中更有针对性。     

GIS技术在重庆市滑坡风险区划中的应用

综合滑坡解译、滑坡空间数据库和管理地理信息系统成果,科学选取滑坡危险性和易损性评价因子,运用统计学的层次分析算法、G IS缓冲区分析、叠加分析、统计分析、三维分析等对滑坡体因子量化,进行了滑坡的风险评价和易损性评价。依据风险分级和易损性分级标准,通过克里金插值、重分类、数字转换、专家干预修正等实现风险性分区和易损性分区。以0.5作为滑坡风险评价中风险性和易损性属性数据,通过线性叠加最终实现了滑坡风险评价并划分出高、中、低3级滑坡风险区。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.