呼伦湖水体悬浮颗粒物中有机质的赋存特征及来源解析

SPOM（suspended particulate organic matter,悬浮颗粒物中的有机质）是地表水体中有机质的重要组分之一,在全球碳循环和水体富营养化过程中发挥着重要作用.采用连续提取法、δ13C（碳稳定同位素）、三维荧光光谱和平行因子分析技术对呼伦湖夏季SPOM的含量、组分、荧光特性、污染来源及生物有效性进行系统研究.结果表明:①SPOM（以碳质量计）在14.4~31.5 g/kg之间,其中HM（提取残渣）为SPOM的主要组分,占SPOM总量的61.2%.②SPOM中WEOM（水提态有机质）含有类富里酸组分（C1）、类腐殖酸组分（C2）和类色氨酸组分（C3）3个荧光组分,类腐殖质组分（C1+C2）和类蛋白质组分（C3）对总荧光强度的贡献分别为70.4%和29.6%.③SPOM的C/N〔总有机碳（TOC）浓度与总氮（TN）浓度的比值〕和δ13C的值分别在7.53~15.2和-27.2‰~-26.1‰之间.利用C/N和δ13C端元混合模型计算陆源对SPOM的平均贡献率分别为67.2%和68.9%,结果相近.④WEOM的HIX值在4.09~7.40之间,腐殖化程度较高,生物可利用性较差.研究显示,呼伦湖中SPOM以难降解的腐殖质组分为主,腐殖化程度较强,生物可利用性较低,但随着温度升高,预估自生源SPOM的贡献将增大,可能导致其生物可利用性升高,需引起足够的重视.      

焦化废水中不同极性组分的光谱分析及可生物降解特性

焦化废水是典型难降解工业有机废水,构成其成分的复杂及种类的繁多使其难以实现高效的生物降解过程,制约了水处理的水质达标.为了探明其中生物降解强抑制组分,采用DAX-8大孔树脂将焦化废水分离出疏水酸性组分(HOA)、疏水碱性组分(HOB)、疏水中性组分(HON)和亲水性组分(HIS)等4种极性不同的组分,分析了各组分的有机物含量分布,紫外吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱,并用两种方法考察了各组分的可生物降解性能.结果表明,HOA是主要的有机组分,其COD和TOC分别占比55.9%和56.8%;HOA也是主要的芳香物质及荧光组分,而HON是芳香构造化程度最高和类腐殖质占比P(Ⅲ+Ⅴ)最高的组分;各组分的BOD5/COD值及脱氢酶活性的抑制结果显示其难降解程度依次为HONHOBHIS原水HOA,而HON是焦化废水中生物抑制最强组分,其BOD5/COD值仅为0.21±0.02,对脱氢酶活性的抑制达到38.5%;SUVA和P(Ⅲ+Ⅴ)与可生物降解性的关联分析发现,焦化废水中难降解组分并不都是芳香性化合物造成的,类腐殖质对其中难降解有机组分的指示作用相比SUVA更加灵敏.     

间歇曝气式膜生物反应器对养猪沼液中兽用抗生素的去除特性

研究了间歇式膜生物反应器在不同进水碳氮比和有机负荷下对养猪沼液中11种兽用抗生素的去除特性,以及污泥中抗生素的含量变化.结果表明,水力停留时间(HRT)≥5 d、化学需氧量(COD)/总氮(TN)=2.1时,该膜生物反应器对抗生素和COD的去除率均较高,分别达到(79.1±0.7)%和(88.4±1.4)%;当HRT缩短至3 d时,虽然COD去除率不受影响,但抗生素的去除率明显下降;COD/TN从2.1降至0.7后,抗生素去除效率不受影响,但COD去除率明显降低.长污泥龄(SRT)下污泥中出现四环素类和喹诺酮类抗生素的持续积累,积累量随污泥龄的缩短而降低.污泥中的抗生素含量与组成受进水影响较大.     

林可霉素生产废水的厌氧生物处理工艺

采用单相中温升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器厌氧生物工艺处理含有有毒难降解有机物的林可霉素生产废水.当进水COD 8000～14000 mg/L,HRT约10h时,COD容积负荷可达20～35kg/(m³·d),COD去除率为50%～55%.适时调整并维持较高的表面水力负荷[0.2～0.4 m³/(m²·h)]、较高的进水有机基质浓度(COD为2000～3000mg/L)和污泥COD负荷[0.2～0.5 kg/(kg·d)],并适当延长启动驯化时间可培养出沉降性好、污泥活性较高的颗粒污泥.废水厌氧生物降解动力学符合Monod方程,动力学常数V_max=1.3 d^-1,K_s=8133mg/L.废水中不可生物降解物质占总COD的比例约为30%,这是废水COD去除率偏低的重要因素.     

化学生物絮凝工艺污泥回流对污染物的絮凝效果研究

采用化学生物絮凝(CBF)工艺处理上海市城市污水,通过停止加药试验、不同污泥回流比模拟试验、污泥胞外聚合物组分及含量的分析测定,研究分析污泥回流对污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,CBF的回流污泥具有较强的污染物去除能力,其携带的化学药剂可以增强系统抗磷酸盐冲击负荷能力,停止PAFC药剂投加期间,其COD去除率基本维持在50%以上, PO3-4、TP去除率呈现逐渐缓慢下降的趋势.化学药剂投加是CBF实现良好泥水分离效果的重要因素.CEPT工艺剩余污泥VSS中的EPS含量仅为17.24 mg/g,而CBF工艺VSS中的EPS含量高达145.89 mg/g,其微生物活性较高,生物絮凝能力较强.化学强化一级工艺(CEPT)剩余污泥中药剂的絮凝性能较差,其对TP和COD的去除能力随污泥回流比提高而显著降低,而由于存在生物絮凝作用,CBF系统的污泥具有较强的絮凝性能.化学生物絮凝工艺是一种化学与生物协同作用的污水强化一级处理工艺.     

污泥基生物炭提升活性污泥系统处理性能

对污泥基生物炭提升活性污泥系统处理性能进行探讨,将活性炭和污泥基生物炭分别投入A²O工艺厌氧池活性污泥,发现其对COD削减率最高分别为72.9%和41.1%,均能有效削减,生物炭对TN削减率最高为74.1%,优于活性炭.表征显示污泥基生物炭上更易附着活性污泥且比表面积更大.在A²O小试厌氧池中以"1次/污泥龄"为频率投加活性炭、污泥基生物炭和脱脂污泥基生物炭,结果发现:投加污泥基生物炭对COD、TN、TP的削减均优于活性炭,投加脱脂污泥基生物炭对COD、TN的削减与投加活性炭相当,对TP平均削减率高达85.6%,优于活性炭,表明生物炭处理(BT)工艺比粉末活性炭处理(PACT)工艺处理生活污水能力更强,脱脂污泥基生物炭作为污泥脂质提取后的副产品更经济.     

好氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的生化性研究

将人工培养的好氧颗粒污泥进行饥饿试验,研究EPS的可生化性.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥EPS是由40%可生物降解EPS和60%不可生物降解EPS组成的,其中可生物降解EPS可作为颗粒污泥自身的能源,而不可生物降解EPS则不行,但其对颗粒污泥的立体结构有巨大作用.将从新鲜好氧颗粒污泥中提取的EPS投加到好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥中,提取的EPS均可被两者作为碳源利用,且活性污泥对EPS的利用速率是好氧颗粒污泥的1.5倍;而从饥饿好氧颗粒中提取的EPS作为两者碳源时,均没有明显的利用效果,说明不可生物降解的EPS不能作为两者的能源.     

制药污泥热解制备生物炭及对制药废水的吸附处理性能分析

利用制药污泥热解制备生物炭,考察ZnCl₂活化条件对生物炭吸附性能的影响,并探究生物炭对制药废水的吸附处理特性。提高ZnCl₂活化剂的浓度和浸渍比均可提升制药污泥生物炭的吸附性能,5 mol/L ZnCl₂活化剂在1:1浸渍比下获得的生物炭的比表面积达到534.91 m2/g,碘吸附值和苯酚吸附值分别达到674.61,119.12 mg/g。制药污泥生物炭对制药废水COD吸附动力学与叶洛维奇模型和拟二级吸附动力学模型较为相符,1 h内为生物炭对COD的快速吸附阶段。制药污泥生物炭投加量的提升,可提高废水中污染物去除率,在50 g/L生物炭投加量下吸附1 h,可实现66.3% COD和61.8%可吸附有机卤素（AOX）的去除。而多级吸附可在较低投加量下实现更好的污染物去除效果,1 g/L投加量下进行6级吸附可去除72.8%的COD和65.2%的AOX。这揭示了制药污泥在ZnCl₂活化条件下热解可制备高吸附性能生物炭,并展现了出色的制药废水吸附处理效果。     

滤后水中NOM经臭氧氧化产生的小分子醛、酮和酮酸

以富集、分离得到的滤后水中6种不同特性的天然有机物(NOM)为对象,测定了臭氧氧化NOM各组分后小分子醛、酮及酮酸的生成情况.NOM各组分臭氧氧化后甲醛和丙酮酸产量最大,特别是憎水中性物质(HON)的甲醛产率是其醛、酮总产率的70.58%,单位DOC丙酮酸的产率达103.2 μg/mg;憎水性NOM组分的小分子醛、酮、酮酸产率比亲水性组分的高,特别是憎水中性物质(HON)和憎水酸(HOA)的小分子醛、酮及酮酸类总产率最高,二者之和分别占NOM各组分的醛酮总产率及酮酸总产率的55.56%和60%; NOM碱性组分的醛、酮、酮酸产量最低.用小分子醛、酮、酮酸总量折算DOC占氧化后NOM的DOC的百分比作为衡量氧化后各组分可生物降解性的参考,则臭氧氧化后HON和HOA的可生物降解性比其他组分高得多.     

阳离子型染料废水可生物降解性的研究

以阳离子型染料生产厂的14股废水为试样,用间歇式生物污泥驯化装置,分别作出CODcr降解曲线,并根据生物降解率.得知不同阳离子型染料废水的可生物降解性。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.