第四届中国环境社会治理研讨会综述

党的十九大将坚决打好污染防治攻坚战作为决胜全面建成小康社会的三大攻坚战之一。2018年6月印发的《中共中央国务院关于全面加强生态环境保护坚决打好污染防治攻坚战的意见》又进一步对打好污染防治攻坚战、建设美丽中国作出全面部署。为全面有效地推动生态环境保护工作,十九大报告也明确提出,要构建政府为主导、企业为主体、社会组织和公众共同参与的环境治理体系。其中,环境社会治理既是治理体系和治理能力现代化建设的短板,也是大有可为、潜力巨大的研究领域。在此背景下,生态环境部环境与经济政策研究中心联合相关单位于2018年12月1日在北京举办了主题为"污染防治攻坚战与环境治理体系"的第四届中国环境社会治理研讨会,深入探讨污染防治攻坚战背景下环境治理体系建设相关理论、制度和实践。本文对主要与会代表观点进行了综述。     

政府好帮手 企业贴心人

正"环保产业是打好污染防治攻坚战的重要助推器,为改善环境质量提供了重要的物质基础和技术保障。""我国环保产业正处在大有可为的战略机遇期和产业结构深刻变革期。"在2018年广东省环境保护产业协会会员代表大会上,中国环境保护产业协会及广东省环境保护厅相关领导对国家环保产业政策及未来发展趋势作出分析,广东省环境     

多层次科教平台助推全民环境教育“升级”

正推动构建高水平、多层次的环境科教体系建设,将成为广东"十三五"环保工作重要发展战略之一。据悉,作为环境科教体系的重要组成部分,目前,广东环保部门与省内多所高等院校及科研机构深度合作,推进环境教育发展已初见成效,为广东环保发展提供了坚实的人才保障和智力支撑,全民环境教育力度与影响力持续"升级"。粤搭建"多元化"环境科教平台记者从广东省环境保护厅了解到,根据广东省"十三五"环保工作     

挂牌督办倒逼污染整治

正"挂牌督办制度重点在于督促地方政府及污染企业认真履行环境保护职责,保障人民群众环境权益,切实解决热点、难点环境问题。""通过挂牌督办,一批群众反映强烈,影响社会稳定的突出环境问题得到解决,挂牌督办制度逐渐成为环保部门加强环境监管的重要抓手。"广东省环境保护厅环境监察局(以下简称"省环监局")相关负责人说。如今,广东省环境保护厅(以下简称"省环保厅")联合广东省监察厅每年发布重点环     

济南市“十三五”环境保护所面临的形势研究

随着我国经济发展进入新常态,"十三五"期间的环境保护工作也进入新阶段,为准确制定济南市"十三五"环境保护规划,文章对济南市经济总体发展情况,农业、工业和服务业发展情况,以及能源消费情况等方面进行了全面分析和预测,对"十三五"期间济南市环境保护工作面临的问题进行了识别,以期对济南市"十三五"环境保护所面临的形式做出全面准确的研判。     

昌平区"十三五"环境保护发展思路与对策研究

对昌平区环境质量现状及"十三五"时期环境保护形势进行了剖析,综合考虑昌平区现存主要环境问题,提出了"十三五"环境保护发展思路及对策建议,为昌平区"十三五"环境保护规划的编制提供前瞻性、针对性和导向性指导建议.具体发展思路及对策建议包括:(1)以控制PM2.5为重点,大力开展大气污染治理;(2)以整治恶臭水体为重点,持续改善水环境质量;(3)进一步推进总量控制与减排;(4)加快制度建设和政策创新;(5)全面推进生态文明建设;(6)加强环保能力建设.     

牢固树立绿色发展理念 扎实推进“十三五”生态环境保护工作

2016年是"十三五"开局之年,国务院总理李克强在《政府工作报告》中指出,保护环境事关人民群众健康和可持续发展,必须强力推进。绿色发展成为"十三五"时期社会全面发展的关键词。在此背景下,2016年3月,环境保护部副部长李干杰应邀在浦东干部学院做题为《牢固树立绿色发展理念扎实推进"十三五"生态环境保护工作》的专题讲座。本文对讲座内容进行了摘录,以飨读者。     

关于饮用水水源保护在广西环境保护“十三五”规划中的战略思考

在对广西当前环境形势以及"十二五"时期饮用水水源地保护问题识别的基础上,结合广西全面建设小康环境新要求,提出了"十三五"饮用水水源保护规划体系以及规划目标的设想,并从保护红线、面源治理、点源治理、环境监测、信息公开5个方面给出了基本的策略建议,可为制定广西"十三五"环境保护规划目标和重点任务提供参考。     

沈阳市“十三五”环境保护与生态建设思路初探

"十三五"是国家全面建成小康社会的攻坚时期,也将是经济发展、国际形势发生重大转变的关键时期,经济社会发展迈入新常态的同时,环境保护将面临诸多挑战和重大机遇。文章梳理了国家生态文明建设要求并分析了沈阳市的环境保护形势,提出了沈阳市"十三五"环境保护与生态建设构想。"十三五"期间,沈阳市环境保护应以实现环境质量改善和提供民生环境福祉为核心目标,重点围绕大气、水、生态、环境风险以及公众参与等方面,设计战略任务,并建立夯实法律基础、强化行政管控、突出经济引导相融合的环境管理新模式,切实提高全社会环境意识、寻求共识,开创环境保护与生态建设新局面。     

从“十三五”环保规划看环保产业的“十个转变”

"十三五"时期是全面建成小康社会的决胜阶段,将为提升人民生活品质、推动经济转型升级开辟新的空间,生态环境保护为环保产业发展提供了前所未有的大好机遇。文章对我国环保产业现有优势和存在的问题进行了分析,认为在《"十三五"生态环境保护规划》等政策驱动下,环保产业将迎来资本模式、发展业态、动力渠道等十个方面的转变。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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