不同香蒲预处理方式对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果

针对水平潜流湿地脱氮过程中后端碳源不足导致反硝化脱氮效果不佳的问题,对湿地植物香蒲采用简单处理、酸热处理和碱热处理这3种预处理,探讨香蒲在不同预处理条件下静态释放规律和反硝化特性,基于碳源稳定释放特性及反硝化特性优选碱热处理香蒲作为人工湿地实验系统补给碳源,研究其对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果.结果表明,香蒲不同预处理方式导致乙酸释放存在差异,造成碳源静态释放量存在明显差异,3种香蒲处理方式的平均COD释放量为碱热处理(89. 57 mg·L-1)酸热处理(67. 27 mg·L-1)简单处理(54. 45 mg·L-1).碱热处理香蒲硝氮去除率为75. 2%,明显高于酸热处理(67. 2%)和简单处理(23. 5%).水平潜流人工湿地中段投加碱热处理香蒲,能明显提高湿地脱氮效果,TN平均去除率对比空白对照湿地提高30. 3%,同时系统出水COD浓度不会显著提高,还能有效提高系统对污水中磷的去除效果,除磷效果相比空白组提高33. 9%.     

炉渣填料组合潜流湿地对不同污染程度河水处理效果研究

利用炉渣作填料的水平潜流(HFCW)+垂直潜流(VFCW)组合而成的人工湿地系统处理污染河水,研究了不同进水浓度时湿地系统对河水中有机物和氮磷营养物质的去除效果。结果表明:在满水位运行(水深75 cm),水力负荷为0.4 m3/(m2·d)的条件下,组合潜流人工湿地对河水中有机物有较高的处理效率,进水ρ(COD)为100 mg/L左右,去除率稳定在90%以上;同时具有较强的营养物质去除效果,进水氨氮、硝态氮、总磷质量浓度分别为6~12,8~16,3~9 mg/L,氨氮、硝态氮、总磷去除率分别维持在45%、80%、55%以上;垂直潜流湿地复氧效果优于水平潜流湿地,以水平潜流人工湿地作为一级处理单元的组合方式对硝态氮有较好的去除效果。     

垂直流人工湿地强化地表径流脱氮的研究

为提高垂直流人工湿地脱氮效果,作者选择分层进水、添加缓释碳源和降低淹水高度3种措施进行强化脱氮处理。结果显示,在进水浓度相同的条件下,3种措施均增加了沿程COD的浓度和碳源,但并未导致出水COD浓度的升高。降低淹水高度对总氮的去除效果最为明显,去除率可达86.4%,出水浓度只有1.8 mg/L。当降低淹水高度时,水力负荷和污染负荷对硝氮和亚硝氮沿湿地深度的变化影响较小,且不存在显著性差异(p0.05)。     

好/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地对COD的去除效果

为了调整传统潜流湿地内部溶解氧分布状态,提高其对生活污水水质净化的效率,对传统潜流湿地进行了不同区段的划分及功能强化,设计了不同结构的好氧/厌氧多级串联潜流人工湿地,研究了好氧/厌氧段比例、位置及人工曝气等因素对出水COD的影响,并与传统潜流湿地进行净化效果的比较。结果表明,传统潜流湿地对COD的去除率为70.3%,以好氧/厌氧/好氧段方式串联采用前部和后部曝气并作厌氧处理的潜流湿地(即O-A-O强化曝气组)对COD的去除率为90.1%,比传统潜流湿地提高了19.8%;O-A-O强化曝气组平均出水浓度为17.4mg/L,不曝气的O-A-O出水COD浓度基本维持在50.0～60.0mg/L;对O-A-O前部和后部曝气处理后COD的去除率分别提高了30.4%和20.8%。可见,在实验条件下O-A-O强化曝气组对COD的去除率最高,结构相同的湿地曝气处理后出水水质有显著改善,在湿地前部曝气对COD的去除效果尤为显著。     

碳源强化对人工湿地反硝化过程的影响研究

反硝化是人工湿地去除硝酸盐氮的主要机制,高含氮污水中低碳氮比是导致脱氮效果低的主要原因.研究了添加碳源对人工湿地反硝化过程的强化效果,结果表明,外界温度对湿地内的反硝化影响不大,而碳源则是重要的影响因素,对湿地投加碳源可以显著提高湿地的硝氮去除能力,在进水硝氮浓度25～45mg.L-1,24h水力停留时间的条件下,投加...     

生物炭添加对曝气人工湿地脱氮及氧化亚氮释放的影响

尽管增加曝气会提升潜流人工湿地中溶解氧(DO)浓度,改善污染物去除效果,但由于湿地中氧扩散条件差,易引起DO分布不均,导致氧化亚氮(N_2O)的排放.生物炭由于孔隙率大、比表面积大,近年来逐渐被应用于传统湿地系统,实现强化脱氮和温室气体减排.为了探讨生物炭对曝气潜流湿地的影响,本实验在温室内构建曝气生物炭潜流湿地(SW),以常规曝气潜流湿地(CW)作为参照,探究生物炭投加对湿地系统脱氮性能及N_2O排放的影响.结果表明,SW系统曝气段平均DO浓度为2.66 mg·L~(-1),较CW提高了0.42 mg·L~(-1).SW系统平均出水NH_4~+-N和总氮(TN)浓度为0.17 mg·L~(-1)和1.98 mg·L~(-1),去除率分别达到99.5%和95.0%,较CW提高了5.1%和6.9%.生物炭的投加对湿地系统有机物污染去除效果无显著影响(P0.05),出水化学需氧量(COD)稳定在25 mg·L~(-1),去除率达到94.0%.SW系统中N_2O的平均释放速率为0.27 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),较CW系统降低了70.7%.因此,生物炭投加可作为一种有效的控制手段来强化曝气湿地系统脱氮,实现N_2O气体减排.     

有机碳源对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响

试验通过在进水中投加有机碳源(白糖),研究有机碳源对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的影响。试验结果表明:进水COD浓度对一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能产生明显的影响。当进水中COD浓度约为50mg/L时,即可导致系统总氮去除率大幅度下降,出水总氮去除率由不添加COD的87.8%降至76%,氨氮去除率由不添加COD的98.8%降至85%;当进水COD浓度上升至约100mg/L时,出水总氮的去除率由不添加COD的87.8%降至69%,氨氮去除率由不添加COD的98.8%降至77%;当进水COD浓度约为100mg/L时,并将调节槽曝气量由原来的0.4L/min增至0.6L/min,系统出水水质明显得到优化,总氮去除率恢复到未投加COD时的水平。有效地控制一体化厌氧氨氧化反应器内有机碳源的量,能明显地提高系统的脱氮效果。     

氮素在人工湿地基质中分布研究

介绍了一种改进的人工湿地，该湿地在传统潜流湿地的基础上，提高水流曲折性，改用渡形方式的流态，使污水反复多次地经过土壤基质．狄而增强了吸附、沉淀的效果，更为有效地提高污染物的去除效果。通过实验将传统湿地和渡式湿地进行比较，发现波式湿地出水COD和NH4^＋-N明显低于传统湿地；波式湿地的除氮效果也明显优于传统湿地。     

短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺处理煤气化废水

针对煤气化废水现有处理工艺存在的污染物去除效果差、运行成本高等问题,文章提出了短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化的处理工艺。将部分原水和经硝化阶段处理的原水按一定比例混合后进入短程反硝化阶段,充分利用原水中的COD作为短程反硝化碳源获得富含氨氮和亚硝氮的出水,保证了后续厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮过程能够正常进行。通过控制反应器温度在15～25℃、pH在8.0～8.5和少量有机碳源投加的措施实现了对短程反硝化过程的稳定控制,亚硝氮积累率高达85.7%。该实验最终出水总氮去除率可达87.0%,出水COD低于28.0 mg/L,氨氮低于4.8 mg/L,证明了短程反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺的可行性和高效性。同时,该工艺曝气能耗低、有机碳源和碱度消耗少,为厌氧氨氧化技术的应用提供了新的思路。     

亚铁添加条件下潜流湿地中氮和化学需氧量的去除效应

为了强化水平潜流人工湿地脱氮和去除化学需氧量的效果,文章利用模拟实验开展了不同浓度的亚铁(Fe~(2+))添加对其去除效果的影响研究,并初步探讨了其作用机理。研究结果表明,添加Fe~(2+)影响了水平潜流人工湿地脱氮和去除化学需氧量的能力,而且各形态的氮素和化学需氧量的去除率随水力停留时间的延长而增大。添加高浓度Fe~(2+)(≥50 mg/L)促进了湿地系统总氮和硝态氮的去除,其去除率分别超过67.7%和72.6%;而对铵态氮去除效果的影响不明显;添加低浓度Fe~(2+)(≤10 mg/L)限制了硝态氮和铵态氮的去除,而对总氮的去除效果的影响较弱。添加高浓度Fe~(2+)(≥50 mg/L)显著促进水平潜流人工湿地化学需氧量的去除,水力停留时间为24 h,其去除率均高于91%,而添加低浓度Fe~(2+)(≤10 mg/L)对促进化学需氧量的去除效果不明显,但其去除率略高于对照组,表明添加Fe~(2+)可以提高水中易降解有机物的去除能力。Fe~(2+)进入湿地系统后,水中可溶性总铁、Fe~(2+)和Fe3+浓度迅速下降,5 h后基本保持平稳,其中可溶性总铁浓度低于3.2 mg/L。添加Fe~(2+)明显降低了人工湿地出水的pH和氧化还原电位,并发生了显著变化。因此,添加适宜浓度Fe~(2+)(50 mg/L)可促进水平潜流湿地对氮素和化学需氧量的去除,可以为人工湿地强化技术研发提供理论依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.