预混喷雾增效细颗粒去除的电除尘实验研究

为提高电场对细颗粒物的捕集效率,实现颗粒物超低排放要求,本试验采用喷雾与电场分区设计,搭建了预混喷雾湿式电除尘试验装置,以增强颗粒与液滴之间的凝聚作用,试验探究了电场电压、极板间距、电场风速、喷雾压力及入口浓度等参数对除尘效率的影响规律.结果表明;除尘效率随着电场电压增加,除尘效率提升,增幅先升高后降低,最后趋于平稳;减小极板间距或电场风速,能够提高除尘效率,但降低了处理风量;随着喷雾压力增大,除尘效率先增加后减小,当压力值为6MPa时,除尘效果最佳;粉尘入口浓度对除尘效率的影响程度较低,对于粒径小于2.5μm的颗粒物去除效率最高达98.5%.综上,预混喷雾湿式电除尘效果相比单一喷雾或静电除尘具有显著的增强,对于颗粒物超低排放装置的设计具有重要参考价值.     

湿式电除尘器伏安特性的实验研究

伏安特性是分析电除尘放电特性和运行状况的基本方法。深入研究电除尘伏安特性,有助于提高除尘效率,为微细颗粒物控制提供了理论基础。实验研究了不同电场风速、雾滴粒径和喷水量下湿式电除尘的伏安特性。结果表明:当电场风速为1.0～1.2m/s、喷嘴压力为0.3～0.4MPa、喷水流量为0.24m3/h,湿式电除尘器处于最佳工作状态,通过对该状态下的除尘效率的测定,验证了该参数组合的正确性。     

雾化特性对湿式电除尘器除尘效率的影响

喷淋系统作为湿式电除尘器的重要组成部分,雾化效果优劣影响着电除尘器的除尘效率。通过雾化性能测试,研究了雾化参数及其他工作条件对湿式电除尘器的电晕放电特性和除尘效率的影响。研究结果表明:湿式电除尘器的最佳工作水压为0.6 MPa,此时雾化效果最好。以燃煤电厂粉煤灰为尘源进行除尘试验,在其他条件相同的情况下,除尘效率随雾滴粒径的减小而增大,随喷淋量的增大而增大。当雾滴粒径为70μm时,除尘效率可达99.57%,能够满足燃煤电厂对细颗粒物的高效去除。     

表面活性剂协同荷电水雾增效除尘实验研究

为研究湿式电除尘效率和应用范围的拓展特性,设计了针对铁矿粉尘的表面活性剂协同荷电水雾除尘实验装置,采用表面活性剂增效润湿、水膜捕尘、荷电捕尘理论,探究了风速、电压、喷雾压力和格栅目数对除尘性能的影响.实验中优选复配表面活性剂溶液,选取了0.3%LAB SA/0.5%X-100、0.3%LAB SA/0.5%AES、0.5%X-100/0.5%AES三种复配溶液进行荷电水雾除尘实验.结果表明:复合电除尘可以在提高处理风量的同时增加除尘效率,风速在0.8m/s以前与除尘效率正相关;复配溶液在水压为6MPa时都达到除尘效率最大,其中以0.3%LABSA/0.5%AES表现最为突出,其除尘效率相较于水提升达到15.36%,不同水压的平均除尘效率提高也达到了11.73%;复合电除尘除尘效率与电压在40kV之前正相关,超过后会发生电晕放电,降低除尘效率;当格栅孔径大小为40目时除尘效率最大,其中复配溶液0.3%LABSA/0.5%AES达到了96.74%的除尘效率,继续减小孔径反而会减小除尘效率;对粉尘润湿性越强的表面活性剂参与除尘后对除尘效率提升越大.     

板式电除尘器多物理场耦合数值分析

为理解电除尘器除尘机理,文章采用Fluent软件对实验室板式电除尘器进行仿真模拟,分析了多场耦合作用下流体流动特性和粉尘运动过程。电场特性考虑了电晕放电过程,并研究了电流体动力学(EHD)流对流场的影响。结果显示:电晕放电后阴极线附近形成电晕区,电势在两电极间形成了一个交联的等势场,阴极线之间电场强度迅速减弱,连线中点处形成一个黑影区,电场强度几乎为零;在低流速下EHD流改变了流体湍流运动,当电场断面风速增加到1 m/s时,EHD流的影响可以忽略;在湍流扩散的影响下,粉尘运动距离增加,湍流剧烈;当电场断面风速越小、粒径越大、施加电压越大时,除尘效率越高,对粒径为6.9μm的粉尘最大捕集效率可以达到99.4%。     

多孔陶瓷膜气体除尘性能研究

文章以空气净化除尘为应用背景,采用孔径为15μm的陶瓷膜对含粉尘空气过滤净化。考察了粉尘粒径、浓度、空气湿度对膜渗透性能的影响,以及反吹条件对滤饼清除效果的影响。结果表明,膜渗透通量随着粉尘粒径的增加而增大,随着粉尘浓度和环境湿度的增加而变小;膜对粉尘的截留率均可达到100%;在反吹脉冲时间为0.4 s,随着反吹压力的增大,滤饼越来越小;0.33 MPa的反吹压力下滤饼可基本清除,揭示了滤饼补丁式清除现象。研究结果为陶瓷膜在气体除尘领域的应用提供了参考。     

电除尘器中水雾雾化特性及对除尘性能的影响

湿式电除尘器将水雾除尘与电除尘技术相结合,可以有效地对细颗粒物进行收集,抑制了二次扬尘的发生。通过研究电除尘器喷淋系统的雾化特性,以及不同供水压力对水雾荷电的影响,并测得其分级效率。研究结果表明:在供水压力为0.4 MPa时,湿式电除尘器的除尘效率大于99.5%;在喷雾粒径为100μm时,对10μm以下的细颗粒物除尘效率大于92%。通过分析,为湿式除尘器喷淋系统设计提供了依据。     

湿式电除尘器极配改进及性能测定

极配形式作为电除尘器的核心组成部分,对电晕放电特性的影响十分重要。电除尘器极配系统电晕放电性能可用伏安特性曲线来描述和判断。通过实验研究了电场风速、雾滴粒径和喷水量对湿式电除尘器电晕放电特性的影响。结果表明:电场风速对起晕电压和火花放电电压的影响不大;在相同的试验条件下,随着电场风速的增大,伏安特性曲线向下偏移;在相同的电压下,雾滴粒径越大,电晕电流越大,但火花放电电压却降低;在一定的电场风速下,随着喷水量的增大,伏安特性曲线有向上偏移的趋势,但火花放电电压比不喷水时要低得多。     

横向双极电除尘器性能实验研究

为了提高现有电除尘器的除尘效果,提出一种横向双极电除尘器,将其与常规电除尘器在相同条件下进行伏安特性、压力损失、除尘效率性能对比。结果表明:横向双极电除尘器的压力损失比常规电除尘器约高30%;横向双极电除尘器的伏安特性优于普通电除尘器;在平均场强2.1~3.2 k V/cm,平均风速1.0~1.5 m/s的范围内,常温常压下,对中位径为25.405μm的烧结粉尘的除尘效率,横向双极电除尘器与常规电除尘器相比有显著提高,并且随着电场平均风速的提高,横向双极电除尘器的优势更加明显。     

电晕线直径对静电除尘器性能影响的模拟研究

采用数值模拟方法研究了电晕线直径对静电除尘器性能的影响,分析了电压、风速对不同直径电晕线的除尘效率的影响规律。结果表明,随电晕线直径减小,收尘板处的电荷密度和电场强度都逐渐增大;电晕线附近的电荷密度显著增大,由272增大到778μC/m3;而电场强度逐渐减小,且场强最低点的位置逐渐靠近电晕线。随电晕线直径减小,大颗粒和小颗粒的除尘效率都逐渐增大。电晕线直径较小时,随着电压增大,大颗粒和小颗粒的除尘效率都逐渐增大;电晕线直径较大时,大颗粒除尘效率的提高程度更显著。随着风速减小,不同电晕线直径的除尘效率都逐渐增大,且小颗粒除尘效率的提高程度相对较显著,0.1μm颗粒的除尘效率提高12.3%。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.