生物膜-活性污泥组合工艺处理高氨氮废水工程实例

污泥压滤废水经厌氧消化后仍具高COD与高氨氮的特点,C/N比严重失调,属于典型的高氨氮废水。采用生物膜-活性污泥组合工艺(IFAS)处理污泥压滤废水的厌氧消化液,运行方式为好氧/缺氧反复交替,并向废水中添加磷源。系统运行稳定后,系统进水ρ(COD)为900~1 000 mg/L、ρ(NH3-N)为240~400 mg/L,COD、氨氮去除率分别达88.34%、96.53%。出水各指标达到污水处理厂的接收标准。IFAS系统有利于硝化菌的附着,同时向废水中添加磷源有利于活性污泥与生物膜的增长。     

干旱寒冷地区氧化沟工艺活性污泥的菌群结构研究

为了探讨新疆干旱寒冷地区城市污水厂活性污泥的菌群结构特征,采用高通量测序技术对北疆5座城市污水厂活性污泥进行菌群分析。结果表明:5座污水厂基本可以达到各自的设计出水标准,其中3座污水厂运行中出现了污泥丝状膨胀。变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）是活性污泥的优势细菌门,相对丰度分别为30.65%~43.12%、21.15%~33.64%和5.02%~14.36%。放线菌门（Actinobacteria）在沉降性能良好的污泥中相对丰度为2.97%~6.17%,而在丝状膨胀污泥中相对丰度达到11.69%~15.64%。季节性膨胀污泥中微丝菌属（Microthrix）和黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）相对丰度呈现出季节性变化,常年膨胀的污泥中腐螺旋菌属（Saprospiraceae_norank）为优势细菌属,相对丰度达到17.48%~18.30%。子囊菌门（Ascomycota）是丝状污泥膨胀中的优势真菌门,相对丰度达到56.60%~72.68%。研究结果可对干旱寒冷地区污水厂运行调控提供理论支撑。     

毛皮染色废水工艺的处理效率及微生物群落的影响

毛皮染色废水是一种高盐度、难降解、高污染的工业废水,整个处理环节都对环境生态有潜在的危害。文章采用4种不同废水处理工艺在相似操作运行参数下对毛皮染色废水进行处理,并利用T-RFLP技术观察不同处理工艺下活性污泥中细菌群落的多样性及群落结构的变化。结果表明,在4种处理工艺中,效果最好的是HA-SBR法,其COD、BOD5及NH4+-N的去除率分别可以达到93.75%、94%和93.59%。T-RFLP分析表明处理工艺的不同对细菌群落结构的变化有着较大的决定作用,变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)及拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是活性污泥中的优势种群,不同处理工艺下微生物群落多样性同NH4+-N浓度关系最为密切。研究还表明,通过添加特定微生物菌剂或调节生化工艺可以增加微生物群落多样性,从而增强污泥体系抗污染物冲击性能,提高处理效果。     

焦化废水活性污泥细菌菌群结构分析

焦化废水是一种高毒难降解的有机废水,以细菌菌群为主的好氧活性污泥决定焦化废水的处理效率,处理焦化废水的活性污泥细菌群落结构鲜见报道.利用454测序技术分析实际焦化废水污泥中的细菌菌群结构和多样性.结果表明,热图聚类分析和主成分分析说明不同焦化废水活性污泥细菌菌群多样性存在差异;焦化废水活性污泥中的细菌门类群主要为Proteobacteria、Planctomycetes、Acidobacteria、Candidatus Saccharibacteria、Bacteroidetes、Cyanobacteria、Actinobacteria、Chloroflexi、Firmicutes、Thaumarchaeota、Ignavibacteriae和Verrucomicrobia,其中Proteobacteria门占主导地位,丰度为36.00%~76.98%;主要属为Thiobacillus、Thauera、Comamonas、Caldimonas、Steroidobacter、Nitrosomonas、Phycisphaera和Gp4,大多数主要属与芳香烃的降解和硝化反硝化过程有关.这些结果为焦化废水污染物的去除机制提供了理论基础.     

点源炼油废水处理系统微生物多样性及代谢功能研究

为了探明点源炼油废水处理系统（简称"系统"）沿程微生物多样性及其活动规律,采用高通量测序技术开展废水微生物群落结构及代谢功能研究.结果表明:①各单元出水Shannon-Wiener指数和Ace指数基本呈上升趋势,均表现为进水 < 涡凹气浮池 < 斜板气浮池 < 调节池 < A/O池.②微生物群落组成显示,各单元出水微生物群落结构差异显著（Bray-Curtis ANOSIM=0.388 1,P=0.008）;进水中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）相对丰度最高,为90.55%.沿程各单元出水优势菌组成发生变化,其中,调节池、涡凹气浮池、斜板气浮池出水中Proteobacteria相对丰度分别降至54.90%、62.59%、52.89%,Epsilonbacteraeota相对丰度分别增至17.03%、29.60%、41.53%,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）相对丰度分别增至26.13%、6.02%、2.33%;A/O池出水中Proteobacteria相对丰度降至39.69%,髌骨细菌门（Patescibacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度分别增至23.95%、15.65%.③db-RDA分析表明,化学需氧量（COD,P < 0.05）、氨氮（NH₃-N,P < 0.05）显著影响微生物群落结构,其中,NH₃-N去除率与Bacteroidetes（r=0.588,P < 0.05）呈显著正相关,COD去除率与Patescibacteria（r=0.530,P < 0.05）、Bacteroidetes（r=0.706,P < 0.01）均呈显著正相关.④KEGG基因数据库分析可知,各单元出水代谢机制相关基因相对丰度最高,均高于60%,其中,能量代谢相关基因相对丰度大小表现为进水>涡凹气浮池>调节池>斜板气浮池>A/O池;外源化合物生物降解相关基因在一级处理过程中相对丰度波动较小,均在3.00%以下,而生物处理后相对丰度迅速增至15.38%.研究显示:系统沿程微生物多样性基本呈上升趋势,且影响废水中微生物群落变化的最显著因素为COD和NH₃-N;生物处理后外源化合物生物降解相关基因占比迅速增加,表明生物处理单元存在潜在冲击风险.      

高效除油菌应用于TMBR工艺处理采油废水

介绍了外置式超滤膜生物反应器处理采油废水的工艺特点、调试过程及处理效果,该工艺将活性污泥池和膜组件高度集成于一集装箱(11.8 m×2.33 m×2.72 m)内,通过生化反应及膜过滤处理采油废水。设计COD负荷1.35 kg/(d·m3),产水量2.56 m3/h,接种高效除油菌群并稳定运行后该设备COD负荷为1.83~2.68 kg/(d·m3),产水量达3.8 m3/h,日净化水量高达60~91 m3,COD平均去除率为94%,油含量平均去除率为95%,细菌及悬浮物去除率达99.9%,出水指标达SY/T 5329—94《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标》中A1级标准。     

焦化废水活性污泥中降解硫氰化物细菌种群多样性分析

硫氰化物(SCN-)是焦化废水中COD的主要来源之一,其在生物处理工艺好氧段的去除效果直接影响出水的达标排放,活性污泥中的微生物种群在SCN-生物处理中发挥重要作用.以SCN-为唯一碳源和能源驯化活性污泥,研究其对100、300和600 mg·L-1SCN-浓度的去除降解效果,并利用454测序技术解析污泥中降解SCN-的细菌多样性.结果表明,驯化污泥能有效去除100~600 mg·L-1SCN-,SCN-浓度越高,去除速率越高,然而细菌群落多样指数越低;原始污泥和驯化污泥的细菌门类群主要为Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Chlorobi、Planctomycetes、Acidobacteria、Nitrospira、Firmicutes和Unclassified,其中Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes门占主导地位;Thiobacillus是主要的SCN-降解菌,在3个污泥样品中的丰度分别为3.07%、8.63%和0.27%.Thiobacillus是浓度小于300 mg·L-1SCN-时焦化废水中主要的SCN-降解菌,而在600 mg·L~(-1) SCN-高浓度时低丰度的SCN-降解菌群可能发挥协同降解作用.这些结果为揭示焦化废水处理SCN-污染物的去除机制提供了基础.     

生物接触氧化+混凝沉淀工艺处理医院综合污水

利用生物接触氧化、混凝沉淀工艺改造原处理工艺,处理中型医院综合污水,设计能力100 m3/d,处理效果显著且稳定达标。废水进水水质ρ(COD)为408~594 mg/L、ρ(SS)为211~280 mg/L;调试稳定后,出水水质ρ(COD)为12~40 mg/L、ρ(SS)为11~18 mg/L,COD、SS去除率分别为90.2%~97.9%、91.5%~96.1%,出水水质达山东省DB37/596-2006《医疗污染物排放标准》的二级排放标准。     

厌氧-好氧-混凝工艺处理印染废水中试研究

采用厌氧-好氧-混凝工艺处理难降解印染废水中试研究. 结果表明:中试系统稳定运行70 d,在进水ρ(COD_Cr)(最高值为1 060.0 mg/L,最低值为617.7 mg/L,平均值为765.1mg/L)波动较大的情况下,厌氧上流式水解池出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为399.6 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率平均值为45.6%,厌氧上流式水解池对COD_Cr的去除效果最明显. A/O(PACT)池出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为105.2 mg/L,过滤池出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为51.3 mg/L,系统COD_Cr总去除率平均值为93.2%. 进水色度平均值为354倍,出水色度平均值为22倍,系统色度总去除率平均值为93.9%. 气质联用(GC-MS)检测显示,印染废水中的有机物得到有效降解.      

SBR系统外加磁场对微生物群落多样性和处理效果的影响

SBR反应器的应用越来越普遍,为进一步提高其处理效率,提出在SBR反应体系再外加一个磁场来提高其运行性能.研究了不同磁感应强度对反应系统污染物降解效率的影响,并采用Mi Seq高通量测序技术解析了磁场条件下活性污泥微生物群落多样性变化.结果表明,磁场的加入在一定程度上提高了SBR系统的运行性能,且当磁感应强度为7×10~(-2)T时效果最明显.其中,外加磁场对SBR反应系统中总氮去除效果的影响显著,在7×10~(-2)T时脱氮率从无磁场的65.69%提高到85.98%.外加磁场显著提高了污泥脱氢酶活性,因而也会对各种污染物的去除产生积极作用.通过对不同磁感应强度下活性污泥微生物群落多样性的比较发现,7×10~(-2)T磁场下活性污泥微生物丰度及多样性最高.实验SBR反应器中的细菌域共鉴定出14个门,主要以变形菌门Proteobacteria(25.3%~61.5%)、拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes(18.6%~46.2%)、放线菌门Actinobacteria(5.3%~47.2%)、酸杆菌门Acidobacteria(0.4%~4.0%)为主.重要的脱氮细菌:如α-Proteobacteria的Rhodoblastus、Paracoccus;β-Proteobacteria的Alicycliphilus、Comamonas、Xenophilus、Acidovorax、Dechloromonas、Thauera;δ-Proteobacteria的Desulfovibrio;Planctomycetes门等,在中等磁感应强度尤其是7×10~(-2)T时,丰度最高,与脱氮效率增加有内在的联系.典型的PAOs如Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas、Propionicimonas等,在中等磁场条件下含量较高,与除磷率变化趋势相同.活性污泥中细菌群落结构变化与污水处理效率存在一定相关性,外加磁场通过改变微生物群落结构影响污水处理效果.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.