城市再生水回灌的研究进展与运用

再生水回灌作为再生水回用最有潜力的一种方式,回灌方式有表灌、土壤含水层处理（SAT）、包气带注入和井灌.本文分析了国内外再生水回灌水质标准的不同,指出了我国再生水回灌存在水质标准偏低的问题,综述了国内外再生水回灌过程中的污染物研究动态,提出了再生水回灌今后的研究方向.     

再生水补充地下水水质指标及控制技术

再生水补充地下水是扩大污水回用最有益的一种方式,具有广阔发展前景.本文分析与总结了国内外再生水补充地下水研究与应用实例、水质标准,结合我国再生水的水质特点及水文地质状况,从保护地下水资源和人体健康的角度,探讨了我国利用再生水补充地下水应控制的水质指标及控制技术.按地表回灌和井灌方式分别提出了水质基本控制项目COD、BOD、氨氮、粪大肠菌群数等22项,选择控制项目Hg、三氯甲烷等重金属和微污染有机物52项及其建议指标值,并提出了再生水处理控制技术.     

新疆再生水补给地下含水层的可行性探讨——以乌鲁木齐市为例

利用再生水补给地下含水层是再生水利用的前沿领域,在干旱缺水的新疆开展再生水补给地下含水层,是缓解水资源紧缺、地下水超采、水重复利用率低及水污染严重等问题的有效途径。以乌鲁木齐市为例,通过分析城市水资源供需、再生水利用及水环境现状,考虑地下含水层空间条件及工程场地条件,对干旱区城市再生水补给地下含水层的优势和可行性进行探讨,并针对干旱区特殊的自然地理条件,提出了开展该项工作需要研究的重点问题。建议在新疆干旱区尽早开展再生水补给地下水的研究与实践工作,以促进城市再生水的安全利用,提早获得环境、经济和社会效益。     

用于地下水回灌的再生水预处理工艺研究

将再生水回灌到地下含水层前,需对再生水进行预处理,以防止污染地下水.本研究比较了5种不同的再生水深度处理技术(超滤、臭氧、磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)及超滤和臭氧、MIEX和臭氧两套组合工艺)对城镇二级出水的净化效果,并通过分析5种工艺对含水层净化效果的影响,评价其作为回灌预处理的可行性.针对再生水中的有机污染物溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon,DOC)及比吸光度(specific ultraviolet absorbance,SUVA),MIEX(投加量为5 mL.L-1)能够去除20%的DOC和10%的SUVA;UF对DOC的去除率低于10%,对SUVA无显著去除效果,单独UF和MIEX预处理对后续含水层对再生水DOC的去除无促进作用;与此不同,臭氧[投加量(O3/DOC)为0.6 mg.mg-1]及其组合工艺对二级出水SUVA的去除率达60%～79%,能显著提高再生水的可生化性,强化土壤对回灌水中有机物的去除效果,使最终出水的DOC降低至1～2mg.L-1.针对再生水中的N素,MIEX(5 mL.L-1)能去除再生水中25%的NO3--N,臭氧能去除再生水中72%的NH4+-N.土壤处理能有效地去除NH4+-N,使出水浓度均在0.5 mg.L-1以下,但对NO3--N无显著去除效果.综合对比分析,在再生水回灌的预处理工艺中,需重点考察预处理对再生水中有机物和NO3--N的去除效果.臭氧和MIEX的组合工艺,能显著提高二级出水的可生化性,并去除部分溶解性有机物及NO3--N,与后续土壤处理具有较好的互补性,较适合用作地下回灌前处理工艺.     

再生水地下储存过程中金属元素的变化规律

再生水地下储存过程中增大了将有毒有害污染物质引入地下水的风险。针对再生水地下储存过程中重金属元素的变化规律开展研究。结果表明:对于碱土金属元素,K、Na主要受入渗驱替作用控制,Ca、Mg在模拟含水层中可发生混合沉淀;对于痕量金属元素,回灌后受混合作用影响,Zn、Fe、Cd、Cr、Hg浓度趋近于再生水中的浓度,As、Ba、Pb浓度高于地下水及再生水,但溶出后As、Ba、Pb的质量浓度处于GB/T 14848—93《地下水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准限值范围内,对水质影响不大。     

我国城市污水处理回用调查研究

在水利部主持下,开展了2007年全国城市污水处理回用现状的调查,取得了全国城市污水回用现状的基础数据.结果表明,2007年,全国城市污水回用总量为17.9×108m3,城市污水处理回用率为5.23%,主要用于工业、景观、农林牧业、城市非饮用水、地下水回灌.全国共有127座再生水厂,再生水管道总长1 421.78 km.再生水厂总投资为56.44×108元,中央财政投资、地方财政投资和其他投资分别占16%、26%和58%,再生水管网其他投资和地方财政投资分别为66%和32%,中央投资仅为2%.再生水发展状况具有较强的地域性,与当地的水资源状况、产业结构和经济状况有密切关系.     

城市污水回用技术现状和发展趋势

城市污水回用是解决水资源短缺的有效途径，本文介绍了常用的污水回用技术，认为地下水回灌是扩大污水回用的最有益的一种方式，具有多方面的优越性，代表了城市污水回用的发展趋势。     

山西小店污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的研究

选择典型的山西小店污灌区作为研究对象,采集小店污灌区的地下水样和土壤样,研究经过长时间、高浓度的污灌作用后,多环芳烃类物质是否有向深部迁移的可能性以及多环芳烃各单体的分布特征,并采用潜在危害指数法对污灌区重点监控指标进行筛选,结果表明:芴、菲、苊烯、荧蒽、蒽和芘6种单体易于向土壤深部迁移,这6种单体是地下水污染防治和水质安全保障的重要优控指标。该研究成果可为再生水回灌补给地下水的水质安全提供依据。     

利用再生水涵养地下水过程中3种典型内分泌干扰物的迁移转化特性

通过土柱模拟试验研究了3种典型的内分泌干扰物——17β-雌二醇(E2)、炔雌醇(EE2)和双酚A (BPA)在再生水涵养地下水过程中的吸附、生物降解和迁移特性。结果表明:3种EDCs的衰减效果为E2>EE2>BPA,3种不同运行方式下的衰减效果为干湿交替回灌(WDAR)>连续回灌(CR)>连续灭菌回灌(CSR)。在连续回灌条件下,E2、EE2和BPA的衰减速率常数分别为0.0783,0.0505,0.0479 m~(-1);总去除率为98%、96%和92%,其去除率受温度影响。土柱微生物的分析结果表明:土柱下层微生物群落结构的多样性明显高于上层。主要微生物群落为变形菌属,包括α、β变形菌,其对EDCs的降解起主要作用。     

再生水回用的标准比较与技术经济分析

近年来随着全球性水资源危机的加剧,再生水作为一种潜在的水资源得到了越来越广泛的关注,再生水回用的研究与应用也不断深入.因此,本文通过文献调研,系统总结了我国与美国、欧盟、日本和澳大利亚的再生水标准体系与处理工艺,重点比较和分析了我国再生水标准体系中存在的问题与不足,并提出相关建议,以期对我国再生水回用提供借鉴.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.