我国地下水污染修复试点对策建议——对《水污染防治行动计划》的解读

《水污染防治行动计划》中明确提出了开展地下水污染修复试点工作,我国地下水污染的严重性正引起广泛关注,也面临着迫切的修复需求,因此启动地下水污染修复已经刻不容缓。文章介绍了发达国家的地下水污染修复经验,主要包括具备完善的法律制度、实施地下水污染源分类管理、形成完善的指南和规范。为应对我国地下水污染修复基础薄弱,落实水污染防治行动计划、全国地下水污染防治规划等国家政策需求,建立地下水污染分类管理体系,按照修复目标确定、修复方案筛选、修复工程设计、实施、监测和终止等规范程序要求开展工作,实施地下水污染修复示范工程,为全面推进地下水污染修复和改善地下水环境质量提供支撑。     

渗透式反应墙技术修复铬污染地下水的研究进展

我国地下水铬污染问题日益凸显,铬污染地下水的修复治理极为迫切。渗透式反应墙技术(PRB)作为一种地下水修复的新型技术,可实现铬污染地下水持续原位处理。归纳总结了PRB技术修复铬污染地下水常用的活性填料、工程应用中的关键设计参数和施工工艺,在此基础上扼要分析了PRB技术实现工程化应用过程中存在的主要问题及展望。     

污染场地地下水抽出处理技术研究

地下水污染控制与修复是场地修复的重点内容。我国在地下水污染控制与修复领域尚处于起步阶段,简述了我国地下水污染场地类型、污染特点以及国外地下水污染控制与修复的主要技术,重点研究整理了国外最为常用的地下水修复技术,即抽出处理技术的技术原理、适用条件、技术优势和限制条件,以及系统设计与运行重点关注内容,为我国的地下水污染控制与修复技术研究和工程实践提供参考。     

地下水循环井原位强化生物修复技术研究进展

随着工业化和城市化的发展,生产活动导致的地下水质量下降和水质恶化问题日益严重,已经逐渐成为影响人类生存的世界性环境问题。原位生物修复一直是地下水有机污染修复技术的研究热点,已受到了广泛关注。围绕生物修复技术在地下水有机污染原位修复方面的研究与应用,综述了地下水有机污染原位生物修复技术的研究进展,梳理和总结了影响原位生物修复技术的主要因素,重点讨论了原位生物修复技术与地下水循环井(GCW)修复技术的联合应用,并对GCW强化原位生物修复技术的研究发展方向进行了展望,以期为地下水有机污染原位修复工程的研究和应用提供参考。     

日本地下水污染防治经验及其启示

日本持续开展了20多年的地下水污染调查评估工作,在地下水污染防治领域已属于国际领先水平。通过总结日本在地下水污染防治相关法律法规体系构建、地下水环境调查评估、地下水污染修复技术研究、地下水污染整治资金筹措等方面的先进经验,提出了我国在地下水环境保护方面的相关对策和建议。     

地下水修复的技术不可达性及美国管理对策对我国的启示

由于地下水文地质条件的非均质性、污染物环境行为的多样性、修复技术应用的局限性等原因,地下水修复过程存在较大的不确定性,导致出现修复时间和资源的消耗与修复预期不匹配等问题,对地下水修复效果评估和场地再开发利用带来压力. 美国提出了地下水修复技术不可达性的概念,推行了技术不可达豁免政策,将技术不可达评估纳入地下水修复管理程序中,并提出适应性管理、低风险结案、长期监测等一系列管理要求,以保障场地修复后的健康风险和环境风险. 我国尚未建立技术不可达情景的应对措施和技术体系,在复杂污染场地地下水修复中仍存在修复目标、修复周期、修复效果评估周期等各方面的挑战. 本文围绕地下水修复的技术不可达性,借鉴美国污染场地管理经验,提出了修复技术不可达情景下的应对策略,包括建立修复过程跟踪管理技术体系、适时开展残留污染物风险评估、严格落实污染场地后期管理等建议,以期为保障修复后场地再开发安全利用提供理论依据和技术支撑.      

我国工业场地地下水污染防治十大科技难题

我国工业场地地下水污染严重,污染地块省级名录中含地下水信息的地块有31%存在地下水污染. 近年来,地下水风险管控和修复工作日益得到政府和行业的高度关注,相关环境管理体系逐步完善. 2021年国务院发布的《地下水管理条例》将会进一步推动工业场地的污染地下水风险管控与修复治理工作. 但是,我国当前地下水领域的相关研究仍然比较薄弱,不能完全满足国家的重大需求. 本文根据地下水修复领域国际研究前沿和国内的发展与管理现状,提出未来污染场地地下水修复的十大科学与技术挑战:地下水修复与风险管控的绿色可持续性,污染物及水文地质条件的精准刻画与风险评估,水土协同治理,低渗透地层及透镜体的反向扩散,原位氧化和生物修复过程中的有毒副产物生成,物理分离技术的拖尾,地下水修复中的污染物反弹,大型复杂污染场地的治理与管控,岩溶裂隙水污染迁移与风险管控方法,以及地下水中新污染物. 克服这些科技挑战的过程也必将给我国地下水污染防治事业的发展带来重大的机遇.      

土壤和地下水污染的监控自然衰减修复技术研究进展

我国土壤和地下水污染形势严峻,污染场地数量巨大、类型复杂,相应的管理和修复技术体系仍然滞后.监控自然衰减（MNA）作为一种基于污染风险管控的场地修复和长期监测方法,是土壤和地下水污染修复中较为经济和有效的方法之一,可以实现修复的成本效益最大化.近几年来MNA在美国污染场地修复中的应用比例约占30%左右,场地修复的平均成本为数十万美元.本文介绍了MNA方法的来源和发展,总结了MNA的国内外研究应用进展和相关的核心技术手段,与典型修复方法的成本进行了比较,以期为MNA相关的研究和应用提供参考借鉴.     

地下水污染修复技术验证评价方法研究

随着工业生产的飞速发展,我国地下水污染问题日益突出,亟需大量高效的修复技术以提高对地下水污染的治理效果.然而,现有的专家评估体系难以客观、科学地反映技术的真实性能,也很难促进其推广应用,因此亟需加快ETV（environmental technology verification,环境技术验证评价）研究,创建客观、公正和科学的地下水污染修复技术验证评价体系.基于此,采用层次分析法建立了由目标污染物去除效果、副产物情况、固体废物、废水、废气、噪音、自动化水平、故障情况、适用场地类型、基建费用、药剂投加量、能源消耗和资源回收利用共13个指标组成的地下水污染修复技术验证评价指标体系.依据相关技术规范和专家咨询意见,制定了指标评价标准和方法;基于聚类分析方法,以25个地下水污染修复技术为研究对象,对分类评价和综合评价进行评价结果分级.按照由优到差的级别,分类评价结果分为优秀、合格、不合格3个等级,综合评价结果分为优秀、良好、合格、基本合格和不合格5个等级,由此构成了地下水污染修复技术验证评价方法.为了验证该评价方法的科学性和可行性,利用该方法对某项地下水污染修复技术进行了案例分析.研究显示,所构建的地下水污染修复技术验证评价方法可客观有效地评价地下水修复技术的先进性和适用性,并能够提供改进技术性能的进一步建议.      

地下水有机污染的原位修复技术

介绍了渗透反应格栅、井内通风、地下水曝气、生物曝气及多相抽提等五种地下水原位修复技术的概念 ,阐述了它们修复受污染地下水的过程和修复机理 ,并对其研究进展情况进行了论述。展望了地下水有机污染的原位修复技术在我国的应用前景     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.