HRT对城市污水厂尾水反硝化深度脱氮的影响

污水厂尾水回用作为水源时,其ρ(TN)较高是亟待解决的问题. 在调研污水厂尾水水质的基础上,利用MBBR(移动床生物膜反应器)对其进行深度脱氮,并考察HRT(水力停留时间)对不同填料(聚乙烯和陶粒)的MBBR运行效果的影响. 结果表明,NO₃--N是尾水中氮的主要形态,其质量浓度约占ρ(TN)的80.8%±8.4%. HRT分别为12、8和4 h时,对NO₃--N去除率影响不大,均能达到90%以上,但反硝化能力随着HRT的缩短而成倍增加;HRT为4 h时各反应器的反硝化能力最大,聚乙烯和陶粒MBBR中分别为(28.4±14.5)和(27.4±14.3)mg/(L·d)(以NO₃--N计). 随着HRT的减少,COD_Cr去除率呈降低趋势. 三维荧光分析表明,进、出水中均含有类富里酸和类蛋白质等DOM物质. HRT为8 h时MBBR对DOM的去除率最高,聚乙烯填料MBBR对有机污染物的去除效果略优于陶粒填料. 综合考虑氮和有机污染物去除效能,聚乙烯和陶粒填料MBBR优化HRT均为8 h.      

三级生物膜深度处理腈纶废水生化出水的脱氮研究

针对腈纶废水生化出水用传统脱氮工艺深度脱氮时碳源不足的问题,采用三级生物膜反应器作为深度处理装置,研究了反应器的启动及进水pH、水力停留时间(HRT)、进水氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度对NH4+-N去除率的影响并确定其最佳运行条件及最佳条件下总氮(TN)的去除效果.结果表明,在HRT为24 h,进水pH为7.8～8.0条件下反应器对NH4+-N和TN的去除效果最佳,平均去除率分别为94.6%和53%;且进水NH4+-N浓度对其去除效果没有明显影响;反应器在不投加有机碳源情况下,对TN有明显去除效果,平均去除率53%,最高去除率达66%,表明三级生物膜反应器深度处理腈纶废水时脱氮效果明显.     

HRT对A/O-BF处理低碳氮比农村生活污水脱氮的影响

通过四组平行小试装置,研究空床水力停留时间(HRT)对缺氧/好氧生物滤池(Anoxic/oxic biofilter,A/O-BF)去除低碳氮比(C/N)农村生活污水中氮的影响;结合高通量测序,研究了不同HRT条件下的脱氮效能和微生物群落变化特征,优选出最佳HRT.结果表明:①缺氧段HRT为6 h的条件下,好氧段HRT为9和10 h时,A/O-BF对NH₄+-N和TN的平均去除率均分别为99%和75%,显著高于HRT为7 h(分别为93%和66%)和8 h(分别为96%和70%)时的情况.②好氧段HRT为9 h的条件下,缺氧段HRT为6 h时,A/O-BF对TN的平均去除率为78%,明显高于HRT为4 h(59%)、稍高于HRT为5 h(74%)和7 h(75%)时的情况.③好氧段HRT为9 h时,其硝化菌属Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira的总丰度占11.42%,明显高于HRT为7 h(4.61%)、8 h(7.39%)和10 h(7.64%)时的情况.④缺氧段HRT为6 h时,其主要的反硝化菌属Denitratisoma占5.83%,明显高于HRT为4 h(0.81%)、5 h(2.90%)和7 h(3.27%)时的情况.研究显示,HRT影响A/O-BF的脱氮效能和微生物群落分布特征,处理低碳氮比(1.4~3.0)农村生活污水时,A/O-BF好氧段和缺氧段的最佳HRT分别为9和6 h.      

3DBER-S-Fe同步脱氮除磷及去除邻苯二甲酸酯的工艺特性

为探究三维电极生物膜耦合硫铁新工艺(3DBER-S-Fe)脱氮除磷并同步去除邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的工艺特性,在水力停留时间(HRT)分别为8、6、4 h条件下,研究分析了系统内总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、NO-3-N、SO2-4及pH的变化情况.结果表明,3DBER-S-Fe系统具有较好的脱氮除磷及PAEs去除效果.当水力停留时间为8、6、4 h时,TN去除率分别为80.99%、78.85%、64.76%;TP去除率分别为65.18%、67.17%、43.44%;DBP去除率分别为96.72%、97.32%、96.53%;DEHP去除率分别为91.89%、81.57%、74.30%.在3DBER-S-Fe系统内,存在异养、氢自养、硫自养反硝化脱氮过程,当HRT由8h缩短到4h时,单质硫可以弥补进水NO-3-N负荷增加所导致的反硝化电子供体相对不足问题,维持系统高效的脱氮效率;系统中海绵铁填料腐蚀产生的铁离子能够高效持续沉淀除磷;3DBER-S-Fe工艺结合了物理吸附、生物降解及电化学作用,使其在不同HRT条件下具有较高的DBP与DEHP去除率.     

反硝化生物滤池稳定运行的影响因素研究

以高浓度硝氮废水为研究对象,考察反硝化生物滤池(DNBF)的启动情况以及稳定运行时饥饿时间、水力停留时间(HRT)和进水负荷对硝氮去除率的影响。结果表明:经过36 d的启动驯化后,DNBF对浓度为100 mg/L的硝氮去除率达90%以上;饥饿10 d后,DNBF重新启动13 d后可恢复到饥饿前的脱氮水平;进水硝氮浓度150 mg/L时,HRT从2 h增加到6 h后,硝氮去除率从48.8%升高到79.9%;而当进水负荷从0.59 kg/(m3·d)增加到3.28 kg/(m3·d)时,去除率基本稳定在81.4%。     

A/O工艺生物除磷和好氧反硝化效果及影响因素研究

采用A/O工艺处理低碳源城市污水,研究了生物除磷和好氧反硝化脱氮效果及其影响因素。试验结果表明:①磷的出水浓度低于0.8mg/L,去除率达到92%~98%;②影响好氧反硝化的主要因素为DO和HRT。当DO控制在2mg/L左右,HRT控制在6h时,好氧反硝化效果最好。增加了脱氮效率,减少了碳源和需氧量。NH4+-N去除率高达94%,总脱氮率可高达76%左右。     

复合碳源填料反硝化脱氮及微生物群落特性

为探讨低碳氮比污水厂尾水的深度脱氮技术,以碱处理玉米芯、零价铁和活性炭组成的复合碳源作为填料,考察反硝化生物脱氮滤柱的运行效果,并借助Miseq高通量测序技术对滤柱生物膜的微生物群落组成和结构进行解析.结果表明,复合碳源填料进行反硝化脱氮时,能有效的被微生物利用并获得较高的TN去除率.在温度为28℃左右,反硝化滤柱进水NO3--N浓度为20~30mg/L、HRT=7.7h时,TN去除率可达到95%以上,出水TOC在15mg/L左右;微生物在属水平进行聚类分析结果表明,生物膜中与反硝化作用有关的菌属和与纤维素降解有关的菌属分别占已知菌属的40.35%和29.04%.因此,污泥中反硝化作用菌属和纤维素降解有关的菌属的大量存在,为复合碳源填料高效反硝化作用提供了可能.     

温度对城市污水厂尾水反硝化MBBR深度脱氮的影响

为解决城市污水厂尾水再生利用时ρ(TN)高的问题,采用反硝化MBBR(移动床生物膜反应器)对城市污水厂尾水进行反硝化脱氮,并重点研究不同温度下分别以聚乙烯和聚丙烯为填料的反硝化MBBR的运行效果. 结果表明:在HRT(水力停留时间)为12 h、温度分别为13、19、25和30 ℃时,NO₃--N去除率和反硝化能力变化不大,聚乙烯和聚丙烯反硝化MBBR的NO₃--N去除率分别为80.1%～85.0%和78.2%～84.0%,二者的反硝化能力分别为6.7～7.1和6.5～7.0 mg/(L·h);较长的HRT弥补了低温时反硝化速率低的不足;随温度增加,生物量逐渐增加,但COD_Cr和DOM(溶解性有机物)的去除率变化不明显. 三维荧光图谱表明,出水中主要的DOM(溶解性有机质)为类色氨酸和类富里酸,聚乙烯和聚丙烯反硝化MBBR对DOM总荧光强度的去除率分别为47.6%～52.5%和24.1%～35.8%. 填料上的微生物以杆菌、丝状菌和球菌为主. 综合考虑脱氮效能和有机物污染物去除效能,聚乙烯和聚丙烯反硝化MBBR深度脱氮的最佳温度均为25 ℃.      

腐朽木为填料的反硝化滤池特性研究

针对城市污水处理厂二级出水低碳氮比的水质特点,该文通过腐朽木的释碳静态实验和反硝化滤池动态实验,研究了腐朽木的碳源释放规律,对腐朽木释碳组份进行了GC/MS分析,同时以人工模拟配制低碳氮比废水作为反硝化滤池实验的进水,从TN、NO_3~--N的去除效果和COD、NO_2~--N、NH_3-N的变化规律,分析和研究腐朽木作为填料在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下反硝化滤池的脱氮性能和运行效果。结果表明,腐朽木可有效地释放碳源物质,腐朽木释碳组份主要为(Z)-9-Octadecenamide,其分子式为C18H35NO;反硝化滤池在初始阶段HRT为12 h时,脱氮效果最佳,TN、NO3--N去除率最高分别可达到94.41%、97.13%,此时腐朽木作为外加缓释碳源填料显著提高了滤池脱氮效果。     

NO3--N负荷对树皮填料人工湿地早期反硝化及释碳速率的影响

为了将污水厂尾水作为再生水进行利用,常常需要对尾水进行深度脱氮,针对尾水的水质特征,在深度脱氮时常常需投加碳源.试验采用树皮作为填料,兼作脱氮的缓释碳源,进行树皮填料人工湿地深度脱氮模型试验,研究进水NO_3~--N负荷对反硝化和树皮释放碳源的影响.结果表明,树皮填料人工湿地可稳定脱氮;反硝化速率遵循Monod关系式,随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而递增,饱和常数KS=19.10 mg·L~(-1);硝氮去除率随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而减小;在树皮填料人工湿地运行早期,树皮释碳总量、树皮释碳速率随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而递增,与进水NO_3~--N均呈线性正相关;树皮静态释碳速率为0.2 mg·(g·d)-1,与腐朽木等中空松散的植物碳源相比,碳源缓释性能较好,释碳周期较长,是良好的缓释碳源.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.