山东省环境水质自动监测网运行管理系统研究

文章对水质自动监测站远程监控和反控、监测数据的自动审核、现场维护行为的评判及水质自动监测网的统一管理等问题进行了研究。通过对水质自动监测站现场工控机PLC的升级改造、对各单元和部分监测仪器加装传感器,实现了对系统和仪器设备关键节点运行状态参数的全方位实时调取。根据实际需求研发了系统管理软件,实现了区域环境水质自动监测网统一的信息全方位采集与多级传输,运行状态参数的远程监控与反控,监测数据有效性的自动判别与自动审核,监测信息的在线查询发布与管理,运行维护绩效的自动评估和系统一站式管理。目前该系统在山东省得到了全面应用,保证了监测数据的准确性、可比性与时效性,为实现水质安全预警提供了技术保障,为各级政府制定环境水质改善措施提供了科学依据,收到了显著成效。     

酸性矿井水处理自控系统设计

介绍了某煤矿酸性矿井水处理的工艺流程,针对该工艺的特点,采用SIEMENS PLC和IFIX组态软件组成自控系统,实现了全工艺过程的数据采集、自动调节、集中控制等功能.     

PLC控制及远程监控在中小型生活污水处理站中的应用

介绍了由三菱FX2N系列PLC控制系统和由实现远程监控的污水处理自动控制系统，给出系统构成，功能，主要特点，同时论述了中小型污水处理站中的应用。     

电网视频远程监控系统在环境污染治理中的应用研究

为提高环境污染治理水平,设计了电网视频远程监控系统,将改进系统应用到环境污染治理中,分析其对环境污染治理效果的影响。依据电网视频远程监控系统的整体规划,对组管理服务器、采集服务器、客户端等系统硬件部分进行改进,优化软件部分的应用层、会话层及数据处理层各功能模块,完成电网视频远程监控系统的设计。通过系统清晰度检测,分析电网视频远程监控系统在环境污染治理中的应用效果。实验结果表明,该系统实时性好、清晰度高、监控耗能低、监控准确度高,能够为环境污染治理提供极大的帮助。     

SBR工艺在制革废水处理中的应用研究

SBR法即间歇式活性污泥法。这是一种近10年来发展起来的活性污泥法的新型运行方式。由于该工艺不设二次沉淀池(见图1),曝气池兼具二沉池功能;不设污泥回流设备;SVI值较低,不易产生污泥膨胀;污染物去除率高且易于管理等优点,在城市污水处理和轻工等行业的废水处理中逐步被推广使用。制革废水是轻工业中较难处理的废水,其特点是浓度高、水量大,通常每生产一张猪皮要用0.3—0.5吨水,生产一张牛皮要用1吨水左右。一般的制革工艺分为准备、鞣制和整理三大工段,污染物主要产生于前两个工段。制革废水由强碱性的浸灰脱毛废水和弱酸性的鞣革废水…     

自动化监控系统在许厂煤矿矿井水处理工程中的应用

介绍了许厂煤矿以工控机作为上位机,C200H系列PLC作为下位机,组态王6.5作为上位机监控软件以及模拟屏等组成的矿井水处理自动化监控系统,系统实现了整个工艺过程的全面监控以及处理工艺的关键环节,即自动加药和自动排泥.     

高盐废水处理技术研究新进展

高盐废水盐浓度高,离子强度大,处理方法主要有生物法、电化学法、生物与物化组合法等。该类废水的生物处理主要是利用耐盐嗜盐微生物的降解作用。在对国内外高含盐废水处理技术的实验研究成果及其在实际废水工程中的应用进行调研对各工艺的运行条件及处理状况进行综述的基础上,进而介绍根据文献及笔者对高盐、高氰和高氨的三聚氯氟废水的处理效果发现的生物物理、物化组合法,这是一种非常有效的处理工艺,是高盐废水处理的主要发展方向。     

基于PLC的工程塑料自然环境-载荷应力联合作用装置控制系统开发

目的 实现工程塑料自然环境-载荷应力联合作用装置的自动控制,以考核和验证工程塑料制品在环境-应力联合作用下的环境适应性。方法 基于PLC及物联网设备,设计开发控制系统硬件和软件。结果 成功模拟了工程塑料制品在湿热海洋和寒冷气候2种典型大气环境下的自然环境与外加载荷的协同损伤作用,并实时监控记录了相关试验参数与数据。结论 基于PLC的工程塑料自然环境-载荷应力联合作用装置控制系统有效地确保了试验装置的正常运行,并通过实时监控和数据记录,实现了对工程塑料制品环境损伤的深入研究和客观评价。     

S7单边通信在矿井水处理自控系统中的应用

以西门子S7-300与S7-1200系列PLC间的通信为例,介绍了西门子PLC单边通信在矿井水处理控制系统中的应用。在工程实例中分析了MPI、DP、PN等通信接口的特点,根据无法现场修改原有PLC配置这一特殊情况选择通过工业以太网建立单边通信连接,分析了该单边通信的硬件组态和软件编程,通过调用PUT、GET通信指令顺利实现单边通信并完成数据交换。结果表明:该单边通信只需在单侧进行编程,无需改变对侧PLC的软硬件组态,简便地实现了PLC之间的数据交换。     

渗透法处理高盐废水的原理及工艺

高浓度含盐废水的主要处理方法有反渗透、离子交换、蒸馏等，目前处理成本比较高。为改变当前高盐废水处理成本居高不下的现状，受渗透的基本原理启发，以分析渗透法处理高盐废水的基本原理为基础，提出渗透法处理高盐废水的新工艺。以溶质氨的设计溶液为例，分析高盐废水处理的新工艺流程及工艺的可行性，井对比反渗透工艺，详细阐述新工艺的特点。经计算分析认为。基于渗透原理的高盐废水处理工艺可降低高盐废水的处理成本，可作为高含盐废水处理方法的一个新的研究方向。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.