支持绿色金融体系建设的项目绿色评估方法研究

自2016年《关于构建绿色金融体系的指导意见》和首份《G20绿色金融综合报告》发布以来,中外绿色金融市场均呈现出体量迅速增加、产品快速迭代、创新稳步推进的总体特征。在实践层面,随着市场对绿色金融本质的思考逐渐深入,绿色金融的可持续发展对"环境端"支持与服务的需求日益凸显,尤其是关于绿色评估方法的探讨。本文在大量研究与调研的基础上,提出了支持绿色金融体系建设的项目绿色评估方法,探索建立了融合气候变化和可持续发展要素的预评估机制、评估和信息披露指标体系以及服务投融资全流程管理的系统性评估方法,意在从"环境端"服务绿色金融体系建设,支持绿色金融业务环境风险评估与环境效益管理,保障绿色金融市场的健康、可持续发展。     

以绿色金融促进供给侧结构性改革

发展绿色金融与当前供给侧改革的重要任务密不可分,我国绿色产业发展及融资存在过剩产能行业信贷资金占比较高,"僵尸企业"杠杆率过高导致金融风险隐患凸显,绿色产业发展存在融资渠道窄、成本高等问题。建立健全绿色金融体系,需关注产能过剩行业可能引发的金融风险;发展并健全绿色金融体系;建立绿色金融的激励约束机制,弥补经济发展短板,加快供给侧结构性改革。     

美丽中国建设背景下的绿色产业发展研究

在当前我国产业转型升级的大背景下,绿色产业成为我国培育新动能的重要渠道,是推动供给侧结构性改革的重要途径,是建设生态文明的必由之路。本文对国外绿色产业发展经验进行了总结,在分析我国绿色产业发展的现状和存在问题的基础上,提出加快制定适合我国国情的绿色产业发展战略、建立系统有效的绿色金融体系、完善绿色发展的供地政策、强化技术创新和专业人才培养、积极参与全球环境治理等方面的建议,为进一步推动我国绿色产业发展,建设美丽中国提供参考。     

绿色金融:确保环境治理投资有效供给

正绿色金融旨在应对环境危机,研究如何使用多样化的金融工具保护环境,将成为未来银行业金融机构转型发展的重要方向。近年来我国绿色金融服务发展迅速,2015年金融机构发放的绿色信贷规模超过70000亿元;截至2016年8月底,我国境内绿色债券发行总规模已经超过1400亿元。但在法律保障、政策环境、激励机制、专业人才、产品和服务创新等方面仍面临一系列挑战。完善我国绿色金融体系,需建立健全绿色信贷、债券、基金等政策,制定     

浅析中国绿色债券市场的现状及完善措施

<正>绿色经济已经成为中国经济社会发展的基本理念之一,"绿色金融"作为绿色经济的重要支柱,战略地位日益凸显。2016年8月,中国人民银行等七部委联合发布《关于构建绿色金融体系的指导意见》,将发展绿色金融提升为国家战略。绿色债券,作为绿色金融的重要内容之一,从2015年开始在我国金融市场迅速扩张。2016年下半年,国家发改委颁布了《绿色债券发行指引》(简称《指引》),明     

构建绿色金融体系亟需解决的关键问题

正党的十八大以来,伴随"绿色发展理念"的不断深入,中国绿色金融呈现出全面提速的良好态势,目前,生态文明写入宪法更将助推绿色金融的全面发展。目前中国已成为全球首个确立了比较完整的绿色金融顶层设计的经济体,绿色金融市场逐渐完善、业务种类日益丰富、产品规模不断扩大、国际合作不断加强,绿色金融体系正在不断成熟。然而,在绿色金融体系     

绿色金融:为经济转型升级注入绿色动能

正绿色金融是指金融部门将环保、节能、低碳作为投融资决策的考虑依据,通过金融产品和服务来推动经济社会和金融业自身的可持续发展。发展绿色金融是实现绿色发展的重要推动力量,也是供给侧结构性改革的重要内容。当前,绿色金融已上升为国家战略,《国家"十三五"规划纲要》明确提出"构建绿色金融体系"的目标;2016年8月,中国人民银行等七部委印发《关于构建绿色金融体系的指导意见》,中国成为全球首个由政府推动并发布     

我国绿色债券环境信息披露的完善路径分析

绿色债券是兼具环境效益和经济效益的新型债券,是绿色金融体系的重要组成部分。绿色债券环境效益的实质应是以环境容量为基础的新型财产权。从这一权利的属性出发,环境信息披露对于绿色债券发债主体内化成本、投资者破解信息不对称和监管机构监督绿色产业都具有重要意义,但当前绿色债券环境信息披露制度在披露标准、披露内容、环境效益披露等方面依然存在问题。因此需要针对这些问题从建立强制披露机制、统一披露标准、明确环境效益计算标准和引入第三方认证等方面加以完善。     

绿色金融:环境质量改善新手段

正绿色发展已经成为"十三五"乃至更长时期我国经济社会发展的一个基本理念。绿色金融体系能够引导和激励更多社会资金投入到环保、节能、清洁能源、清洁交通等绿色产业,从而实现经济绿色发展。作为实现绿色发展的重要措施,绿色金融越来越受到重视。李克强总理曾在2016年的政府工作报告中指出,深化金融体制改革,大力发展绿色金融。"十三五"时期,国家将以改善环境质量为核心,打好大气、水、土壤污染防治"三大战役"。环境治理任务繁重,环保投资需求巨大。要在"十三五"期间实现环境质量改善目标和指标,     

国内外绿色信贷的实践路径

相对于传统的信贷管理,＂绿色信贷＂机制的核心在于其把环境与社会责任融入到了商业银行的贷款政策、贷款文化和贷款管理流程之中。绿色信贷的本质则在于正确处理金融业与可持续发展的关系,表现为生态保护、生态建设和绿色产业融资,构建新的金融体系和完善金融工具。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.