蜂窝流道热沉强化传热数值模拟

热沉是模拟太空深冷环境的核心部件。为提高空间深冷环境的模拟效果,更好地满足型号试验需求,设计了一种蜂窝流道热沉。利用流体力学理论和有限元方法对蜂窝热沉内部流体的流动和强化传热进行数值模拟,分析流道结构参数对流体流动和换热的影响,确定最优的流道结构参数。结果表明,同等条件下蜂窝热沉表面温度低于管板式热沉5 K左右,温度均匀性可达到±2 K;流道深度和间距是影响流体在热沉中流动与传热的重要因素,合理选择流道结构参数可以提高热沉的换热性能;需要综合考虑传热和阻力问题来确定最优的流道结构参数,最优的蜂窝热沉流道间距为75 mm,深度为10 mm。     

管内插钢丝螺旋间歇自转及对流传热特性

针对换热管内污垢在线清洗与管壁磨损等问题,提出了管内插间歇自转钢丝螺旋自动防除垢技术。分析了间歇自转工作原理,并通过实验研究其自转特性;进一步对管内插间歇式自转钢丝螺旋的对流传热特性进行试验研究,对比分析了间歇自转因素对传热强化性能的影响。结果表明:管内插间歇自转钢丝螺旋大部分时间只振动不旋转,平均转速降低到连续自转钢丝螺旋的10%以下,解决了钢丝螺旋与换热管内壁的磨损问题,总传热系数与光管相比提高了37%,但相应的沿程阻力损失随之增加。     

地埋管换热器热响应试验及数值模拟研究

地源热泵地埋管换热器的换热性能直接决定着整个系统性能的优良与否,它与地层岩性、水文地质条件、钻孔回填材料的性能、钻孔直径、孔深以及埋管直径等诸多因素有关.合理地确定地埋管间距,不仅可以增强换热效果,还可以减小换热器相互之间的热干扰,从而提高地源热泵系统的整体性能.本文在延长加热时间的热响应试验基础上,通过在土壤中布设大量的地温传感器来研究其热扩散半径,并采用数值模拟技术获取了热扩散半径的变化规律,以为地源热泵系统地埋管间距的合理确定提供指导.     

烧结多孔管的制作及其沸腾传热研究

目的研究烧结多孔管表面多孔层的制造工艺,并对铜粉烧结多孔层表面的传热性能进行测定。方法利用烧结模具在铜管外面烧结铜粉层,并通过实验计算出多孔烧结管的热通量和强化换热系数。结果铜粉烧结后的铜管在酒精中的强化传热效果达到了光管的10倍左右。结论烧结铜粉粒径越小,烧结管的热通量越大,其传热性能越好。     

基于响应曲面法袋式除尘器清灰性能的数值研究

利用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,采用二维、可压缩、非稳态流动数学模型,对袋式除尘器脉冲喷吹过程中滤袋内的清灰流场进行了数值模拟,比较了滤袋壁面压力峰值的模拟值和试验值.同时,利用该模型,基于响应曲面法并使用统计软件MinitabV15研究了喷嘴直径、喷吹高度、文丘里管喉管直径、文丘里管及布袋长度对袋式除尘器清灰性能的影响,并得出了这5个影响因子的二次多项式预测模型.结果表明,滤袋表面压力峰值的模拟值与试验值变化趋势基本上是一致的,误差在10%左右,从而验证了本文数值计算模型的可靠性.在上述5个影响因素中,喷嘴直径（d）、文丘里管喉管直径（de）及布袋长度（L）对清灰性能影响显著,其中,清灰性能随着喷嘴直径和文丘里管喉管直径的增大而提高,随着布袋长度的增大先提高后降低.在本文所研究的尺寸范围内,当d=20mm、de=60mm及L=3360mm时,清灰效果分别达到最优.所得结论有助于进一步改善袋式除尘器的清灰性能.     

含表面应力集中超高温陶瓷材料热冲击可靠性的研究

目的研究含表面应力集中的超高温陶瓷材料在热冲击环境下的可靠性。方法针对超高温陶瓷材料,研究了其威布尔分布规律和含不同切口半径的材料可靠性,并建立了其在热冲击载荷作用下的可靠性评价方法。结果对于切口不完全敏感的材料,切口件的可靠性并不是随着切口半径的减小而单调增大,对于研究的三种切口半径试样(r=0.1、0.25、0.5 mm),r=0.1 mm的试样存活率最小,r=0.25 mm的试样存活率最大。淬火初期阶段,表面含切口的材料存活率在0.04 s内急剧降低至0,0.04～0.1 s时存活率维持在0,0.1 s后存活率迅速上升,约0.28s后存活率增大为1。结论建立的评价方法可以作为超高温陶瓷材料在热冲击环境下应用可靠性的有效评估手段,对其进一步被广泛应用具有重要意义。     

废旧太阳能电池板中Si与PET的静电分选优化研究

为了将废旧太阳能电池板进行资源化处理.以Si和PET混合颗粒为原料,在前期单因素实验基础上,通过正交实验设计研究不同电压(U)?转速(N)?极间距(S)和电晕电极角度(θ)对静电分选Si和PET混合颗粒效率的影响.结果表明,分选过程中Si颗粒的最优参数设置:U=25k V?N=80r/min?S=65mm和θ=50°,影响因素主次顺序为:SNθU;分选过程中中间产物的最优参数设置:U=25k V?N=80r/min?S=65mm和θ=50°,影响因素主次顺序为:SNθU;分选过程中PET颗粒的最优参数设置:U=27.5k V?N=80r/min?S=65mm和θ=40°,影响因素主次顺序为:UθNS.该研究对静电分选技术资源化处理废旧太阳能电池板具有一定的参考价值.     

矩形密封软波导弯曲成型经验简介

(一)概述我厂矩形软波导要求壁厚0.2mm,总长度为361mm,波峰76个,波谷75个,共151个,展开长度为0.2×150×1100。材料为特种黄铜带H80-M,代用料为H68。要求尺寸精度准确、不漏能、高压状态下不打火、驻波系数及能量损耗均要小,在工作状态下要承受充气1.5～2的大气压力而不变形。其电气性能及机械性能要求较高,给加工制造带来一定困难。     

加氢裂化装置热高分气换热器失效分析与对策

随着原油的日益劣质化,加氢裂化装置原料中硫、氮、氯等腐蚀性杂质含量增加,导致装置腐蚀风险增大。通过分析某加氢裂化装置热高分气换热器的腐蚀状况,试验测定了换热管内介质中腐蚀性杂质的类型和含量,分析了换热管材料的化学成分,进行了换热管材料的金相组织分析,以及腐蚀穿孔部位材料的电子显微分析和微区EDX分析,对换热管内部流体的流动状态和结晶温度分析计算,确定了换热管的失效原因,针对性提出了防止高热分气换热器腐蚀失效的措施。     

双向微槽道多孔复合结构沸腾传热研究

目的研究出新型的表面结构,以提高沸腾传热强化。方法在紫铜板上烧结铜粉多孔层,然后利用线切割对多孔层进行开槽。研究槽道参数包括槽数、槽宽、槽间距和槽向等对沸腾传热效果的影响。结果开槽增大了传热的表面积,有利于气体逸出,减少气体的逸出阻力,从而多孔表面开槽强化了沸腾传热效果,传热系数与光滑表面相比可提高2~3倍。与单向微槽道相比,双向交叉槽道有着更好的传热效果,能够形成一个稳定的液体补充和气体逸出网络。结论在多孔表面加工微型复合结构,能够大幅度提高沸腾传热强化。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.