基于排放因子法的中国主要城市群城镇污水厂温室气体排放特征

温室气体产生是"碳中和"背景下污水处理行业亟待解决的问题之一,准确掌握我国主要城市区域污水处理厂温室气体的产生特征和变化规律是制定减排政策的前提。基于污水处理量的排放因子法,建立了2015-2019年中国五大城市群城镇污水处理厂温室气体二氧化碳(CO₂)、甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)的排放清单,分析了温室气体排放的时空分布和影响因素。结果表明:五大城市群城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放量逐年升高,长江三角洲城市群排放量始终最高,2019年达到2042.78 Gg CO₂-eq,汾渭平原城市群排放量最低;珠江三角洲城市群人均温室气体排放量最高,2019年达到20.36 kg/人;相关性分析显示,污水厂温室气体排放量与人口、GDP、污水处理能力和污水处理率呈显著正相关。     

污水处理行业温室气体排放分布特征与监测技术

污水处理厂是温室气体排放的重要贡献者。要想实现污水处理行业的碳减排,需要从整体角度了解污水处理厂的温室气体排放。本文总结了污水处理厂中温室气体CO₂、CH₄、N₂O的排放分布特征,其中CH₄、N₂O分别在涉及厌氧、生物脱氮的工艺中产生,并且机械曝气也会导致溶解态温室气体逸散排放。此外,本文还列举了温室气体监测技术方法,简要分析了各监测技术方法优缺点及适用场景。本文为污水处理厂低碳工艺选择以及升级改造工艺提供支持,并为污水处理厂温室气体监测技术选择提供经验借鉴。     

城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体核算方法与案例研究

针对城镇污水处理厂的污染物与温室气体如何实现协同减排核算问题,该研究提出了城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体的核算边界、协同机制和核算方法,并通过实例进行验证分析,给出了如何核算污染物去除的协同控制效应和协同程度.结果表明:①污水处理厂污染物去除与温室气体排放之间存在关联机制,厌氧环境去除COD_Cr会产生CH₄,污泥厌氧消化过程也可产生大量CH₄,硝化和反硝化过程中去除TN会产生N₂O.②城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体核算可分为确定核算边界、选择核算方法、收集活动水平数据与确定排放因子、质量控制、形成核算报告等步骤.一方面构建了污染物去除量计算公式,去除量涵盖CH₄回收量、COD_Cr和TN去除量、污泥处理量;另一方面构建了温室气体排放量计算公式,排放量涵盖回收CH₄产生的温室气体减排量、去除COD_Cr产生的温室气体排放量、处理污泥产生的温室气体排放量、去除TN产生的温室气体排放量.③案例分析结果表明,该污水处理厂污染物去除并没有协同减排温室气体排放量,从温室气体排放强度来看,单位COD_Cr去除量、单位TN去除量和单位污泥处理量产生的温室气体排放量分别为0.051 3、2.435 6和0.546 0 t,单位TN去除量产生的温室气体量（2.435 6 t）最大,其次为污泥处理（0.546 0 t）;从温室气体排放总量来看,该污水处理厂使用电力间接排放的温室气体量（1 362.68 t）最大.研究提出的城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体核算方法可行,能够根据污水处理厂相关数据判定污水处理不同环节污染物去除和温室气体减排二者间的关系.针对核算过程中存在的数据不确定性问题、质量控制问题以及如何实现减污降碳协同增效等方面提出了相应的完善方法,如在质量控制中可通过制定核算方案、监测方案与计划,开展核算人员业务培训,进行数据核验,测量仪器校准和调整等提高核算质量.研究显示,在碳达峰碳中和的“双碳”目标约束下,城镇污水处理厂在进行污水处理时需要全面考虑各种因素,建立协同控制的治理体系,实现减污降碳协同增效的最大化.      

中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放时空分布特征

城镇污水处理厂由于运行过程中能够大量产生二氧化碳(CO_2)、甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O),而被视为重要的人为温室气体释放源.采用基于污染物削减量的排放因子法建立了2014年中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体(CO_2、CH_4和N_2O)排放清单,并分析温室气体排放的时空分布和影响因素.结果表明,2014年中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放总量(以CO_2-eq计)为7 348.60 Gg,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放量分别为6 054.57 Gg、27.47 Gg(769.08 Gg,以CO_2-eq计)和1.98 Gg(524.95 Gg,以CO_2-eq计);各省份间排放量差异明显,华东地区排放量较高,西北地区排放量较低,西藏几乎没有排放,2005~2014年这10年间中国通过城镇污水处理厂排放的温室气体总量增长了229.4%,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的涨幅分别为217.9%、217.9%和520.3%;地区经济的发展水平和污水处理量与当地城镇污水厂温室气体释放量相关性最大,人均蛋白质供应量与城镇污水厂N_2O产生量密切相关.     

天津市生活污水甲烷排放量估算研究

气候变化问题是当前人类发展面临的重要挑战,甲烷作为重要的温室气体来源,其引起气候变化的作用不容小觑。污水处理甲烷排放是全球重要的甲烷排放源,并且增长快、减排潜力较大。生活污水中BOD含量是甲烷排放量核算中重要的活动水平数据,而我国又缺乏BOD统计量,需要尽快形成BOD/COD地方特征值以便更加准确地估算生活污水甲烷排放量,并为各省市温室气体清单的编制提供基础数据支持。本文通过天津市2012-2015年污水处理厂BOD/COD实测数据估算得出各年度天津市系统处理与排入环境污水的BOD/COD特征值,据此估算各年生活污水甲烷排放量。最终,结合估算结果提出污水处理部门温室气体减排对策建议。     

中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放趋势及驱动因子识别

为实现我国城镇污水处理厂绿色发展,助力实现“双碳”目标,通过测算2014-2020年我国各省(自治区、直辖市)城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放量(不包括西藏自治区和港澳台地区数据,下同),分析各省份污水处理厂水-能关系及空间格局变化趋势,并基于随机森林模型识别影响城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放的驱动因子,探究各因子对碳排放总量的影响程度.结果表明：(1)我国2020年城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放总量(以CO₂当量计)为33.26 Mt,较2014年增长了45%.全国人均排放量为22.9 kg/a,单位GDP排放强度为3.19 kg/(10⁴元),吨水排放强度为0.589 kg/m³,均存在北高南低的特征.(2)华北地区城镇污水处理厂温室气体间接排放占比最高,天津市水-能关系最为合理,GWFRE(灰水足迹削减率)与eGWFR(单位能耗下的灰水足迹削减效率)分别为4.57、9.14.(3)全国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放的空间自相关性逐年加强,热点区域面积逐年减小,冷点区域面积逐年增加,局部格局呈显著的南北分异.(4)驱动因子中人口数量、...     

城市污水处理过程中恶臭气体释放的研究进展

长期以来,我国城市污水处理相关工作人员职业病频发,与城市污水处理过程中会释放出大量的有毒有害气体有重要关系,我国现有的《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》对水质排放指标作了明确规定,但对于污水处理过程中释放的气体污染物的类型及排放限值缺少详细说明.本文对城市污水处理厂不同污水处理工艺及不同污水处理单元在运行中所释放的气体污染物的特征进行了归纳总结,阐述了城市污水处理厂释放的主要恶臭挥发性有机物的产生途径、释放量及影响因素,并指出目前城市污水处理厂释放的气体污染物主要通过尾气末端收集综合处理的方式进行治理,而对于工艺运行参数与气体污染物释放特征之间的相关性关系仍需深入研究.     

不同污水处理工艺非二氧化碳温室气体的释放

甲烷和氧化亚氮是两种重要的非二氧化碳温室气体.城市污水处理厂是甲烷和氧化亚氮的重要释放源.因此,为探究不同污水处理工艺甲烷和氧化亚氮的释放现状和变化规律,通过浮流式表面集气罩对西安市第三污水处理厂（Orbal氧化沟工艺）和第四污水处理厂（A/A/O工艺）生物处理过程中甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放情况进行测定,比较不同污水处理工艺中非二氧化碳温室气体的释放情况,并以第四污水处理厂为例研究溶解氧、温度对非二氧化碳温室气体释放量的影响.结果表明,西安市第三污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷1181 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮36.20 mg（以N₂O计）,西安市第四污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷209 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮54.64 mg（以N₂O计）.温度、曝气方式、溶解氧浓度、亚硝酸盐氧化速率和最大产甲烷活性是甲烷和氧化亚氮释放量的重要影响因素.     

工业园区污水处理设施监管政策框架研究

工业园区为经济发展做出了巨大贡献,但其水污染超标问题也不容忽视。近年来,工业园区水环境污染事件频发,园区污水处理设施监管体系不健全,未能有效发挥污水处理厂的功能是重要原因之一。本文分析了工业园区污水处理厂监管存在的管理协调机制不健全、污水排放标准体系不完善、污水处理配套设施处理能力滞后等问题,提出了工业园区污水处理设施监管政策框架,建议进一步健全责任体系、完善工业园区污水排放标准体系、形成园区污水处理配套设施建设长效机制等,为提高工业园区污水排放全面稳定达标提供管理技术支撑。     

污水处理过程中的温室气体排放现状及展望

污水处理是重要的温室气体可控人为排放源之一,污水处理过程排放的温室气体主要有CO2、CH4和N2O,其影响不可小视。目前对于污水处理工艺的选择,人们往往关注的是处理效果及处理成本,极少关注处理过程中温室气体的排放。文章对污水处理过程中CH4、N2O的形成机理进行了论述,对不同处理工艺的污水处理过程中温室气体排放进行综述,并提出相应的减排措施,对相关研究人员具有一定的参考价值。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.