臭氧强化混凝工艺对地表水中藻毒素的去除效果研究

针对于中国北方某地表水源水藻类季节性爆发情况,采用臭氧强化混凝工艺去除藻毒素,实验分别考察了单独投加臭氧及聚合氯化铝(PAC)对微囊藻毒素及浊度、UV_(254)、TOC和高锰酸盐指数的去除效果,研究表明臭氧对MC-LR有较好的去除效果,2 mg/L臭氧对MC-LR的去除率达到了65.74%,对浊度及UV_(254)的去除率达到了29.43%与40.49%,但对TOC及高锰酸盐指数的去除效率却较低,去除率分别为11.59%与9.97%。20 mg/L PAC在单独使用时对MC-LR去除率为15.61%,对浊度、高锰酸盐指数、UV_(254)、TOC的去除率分别为79.21%、58.04%、31.29%与30.12%。在此基础上,采用臭氧-PAC联合工艺,结果表明当2 mg/L臭氧与20 mg/L PAC联用时,对MC-LR的去除率达到了89.87%,对浊度、UV_(254)、TOC及高锰酸盐指数的去除率分别为80.53%、58.75%,34.23%与61.96%。采用臭氧强化混凝联合工艺可以有效地去除该地表水藻类季节性爆发所引起的藻毒素。     

长江原水臭氧-生物活性炭挂膜中试研究

为了探究面向长江水源的臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺的挂膜技术,进行了长江原水常州段的臭氧-生物活性炭挂膜中试研究.结果表明,在挂膜前期,由于炭柱的物理吸附作用逐渐饱和,炭柱对DOC(溶解性有机碳)、UV_(254)和COD_(Mn)(高锰酸盐指数)的去除率逐渐降低,对氨氮几乎没有去除,在挂膜中后期,由于活性炭上生物膜逐渐成熟,生物降解起主导作用,有机物和氨氮去除率升高并趋于稳定.90 d后,炭柱对DOC、UV_(254)和COD_(Mn)这3个有机物指标的去除率分别稳定在30.64%、57.50%和30.00%以上,氨氮去除率稳定在88.93%左右,认为挂膜成功.扫描电镜图显示活性炭表面出现丰富的菌胶团,同时高通量测序也验证了活性炭中丰富多样的微生物群落结构.     

两级臭氧-活性炭组合工艺净化太湖水中试研究

采用两级臭氧-活性炭组合工艺在以太湖水为水源的某水厂进行深度处理中试研究。结果表明:该组合处理工艺对有机污染物有稳定的去除效果,在预臭氧投加量为0.5 mg/L、主臭氧投加量为0.7 mg/L下,相对于原水对CODMn,UV254(紫外吸光度),DOC,THMEP,氨氮,亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的平均去除率分别为47.06%,80%,31.92%,58.9%,65.5%,81.25%和9.1%,出水满足GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求,炭滤池出水中臭氧消毒副产物均低于标准限值,组合工艺对有害物质冲击负荷有一定的抵抗能力。     

臭氧-生物活性炭对微污染原水中典型持久性有机物的去除效果

以长三角地区J市典型有机微污染水源P水厂为研究对象,考察了臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对微污染水源水中有机物的去除效果.结果表明,臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理使高锰酸盐指数、总有机碳(TOC)和UV254的平均去除率分别提升19. 2%、10. 4%和23. 0%.水厂原水中检出8种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)、16种有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)、5种卤乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs),其总浓度分别为53. 9~100. 0、6. 5~41. 8、2. 5×103~1. 1×104ng·L~(-1),臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对多环芳烃和有机氯农药的平均去除率分别为32. 5%和25. 9%,比常规处理工艺出水的水质有显著提升.卤乙酸的去除率为33. 8%~87. 0%,主要通过常规处理工艺去除;臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对氯代乙酸略有去除,溴代乙酸有少量生成.     

某微污染水源自来水厂的纳滤深度处理效果研究

采用一级四段纳滤组合工艺处理南方某微污染水源自来水厂的传统净水工艺段出水,考察了纳滤膜工艺对出水水质的提升效果.结果表明,纳滤对常规水质指标与微量有机物有较好的去除效果,对混凝沉淀池出水中TOC和UV_(254)的去除率在95%以上(出水TOC≤0.3 mg·L~(-1),UV254≤0.005 cm~(-1));对卤乙酸、三卤甲烷前体物、多环芳烃和有机氯农药的截留率分别在62%、85%、50%和95%左右,使用UMU-SOS测试的出水遗传毒性低于检出限,不同段纳滤膜对相对分子质量较大的消毒副产物前体物与有机氯农药的去除率未呈现明显差异,但对相对分子质量较小的多环芳烃去除效果呈现明显差异,表明纳滤主要依靠物理截留去除水中相对分子质量较大的有机物,对相对分子质量较小的有机物则存在较大的局限性.与之相比,水厂目前使用的双级臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对传统净水工艺出水中多环芳烃、有机氯农药、遗传毒性的去除截留率分别仅为17%、62%、80%左右,显示纳滤对微量有机物的去除效果更为理想.     

提供生物稳定饮用水的最佳工艺

研究由预处理、常规处理和深度处理组合而成的 7种不同工艺对饮用水源水中可生物同化有机碳 ( AOC)的去除效果 .试验表明 :生物陶粒预处理对 AOC具有较高的去除率 ,达到 45%左右 ,如果在它之前先经过预臭氧化 ,生物处理的去除率可增大到 58.4% ;常规处理对 AOC的去除非常有限 ,去除率平均在 2 0 %左右 ;新活性炭单元因其吸附作用对 AOC的去除效果稳定在30 %左右 ,如和臭氧氧化连用 ,去除效果能提高到 50 %以上 ;包括了常规处理、生物预处理、预臭氧和臭氧活性炭的组合工艺对AOC的去除效果最好 ,达到 86% .因此臭氧氧化、生物炭和生物处理是提高饮用水生物稳定性的重要手段 ,并以本试验结果为依据提出了对于不同的水源水所采用的最佳工艺 .     

环境卫生与卫生工程

机碳(AOc)的去除效果。试验表明:生物陶粒预处理对AOC具有较高的去除率,达到45%左右,如果在它之前先经过预臭氧化,生物处理的去除率可增大到58.4%;常规处理对AOC的去除非常有限,去除率平均在20%左右;新活性炭单元因其吸附作用对AOC的去除效果稳定在30%左右,如和臭氧氧化连用,去除效果提高到50%以上;包括了常规处理、生物预处理、预臭氧和臭氧活性炭的组合工艺对AOC的去除效果最好,达到86%。因此臭氧氧化,生物炭和生物处理是提高饮用水生物稳定性的重要手段,并以本试验结果为依据提出了对于不同的水源水所采用的最佳工艺。图l表2参6X33…     

饮用水中典型致嗅物质去除技术研究

为去除某市饮用水中的嗅味,根据该市饮用水水源中致嗅物质的组成特点,采用氧化、吸附和臭氧活性炭对其中典型致嗅物质的去除效果及工艺选择进行了研究.结果表明,硫醇硫醚类物质可以用氧化法有效去除,对土嗅素(geosmin)和2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)采用氧化法和活性炭吸附法均有效,但吸附法的效果更好;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度<20 μg/L,不含有其他类型致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝＋高锰酸钾氧化工艺去除;当原水中geosmin、 2-MIB等微生物代谢产物类致嗅物质浓度<30 ng/L,不含有硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝+粉末活性炭吸附工艺去除;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>20 μg/L,geosmin、 2-MIB浓度>30 ng/L时,需要增加臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>150 μg/L,或者土嗅素、 2-MIB的浓度>100 ng/L时,需要根据致嗅物质组成特点,选择预KMnO₄氧化或者粉末活性炭吸附＋臭氧活性炭深度处理的组合工艺去除.     

臭氧生物活性炭工艺深度处理微污染原水

以广州东江水源为原水,研究了臭氧生物活性炭深度处理工艺对污染物的去除效果。结果表明:实验期间炭滤出水高锰酸盐指数、NH4+-N、NO2--N和浊度指标平均值分别为1.09mg/L、0.04mg/L、0.003mg/L和0.42ntu,平均去除率达65.34%、96.03%、98.24%和96.33%。所测项目相对于国家新颁布的《生活饮用水卫生标准》(5479-2006)达标率为100%。     

臭氧投加量对臭氧生物活性炭工艺处理水库水影响的中试

臭氧投加量是O₃/BAC(臭氧/生物活性炭)工艺中的重要参数,直接影响净水效果和处理费用. 试验分别采用预臭氧+常规工艺+生物活性炭工艺(下称工艺Ⅰ)和常规工艺+主臭氧+生物活性炭工艺(下称工艺Ⅱ),以COD_Mn和浊度的去除率、UV₂₅₄降幅为评价指标,确定了O₃/BAC工艺中最佳预臭氧投加量和最佳主臭氧投加量,并分别对比了臭氧投加前后工艺Ⅰ和工艺Ⅱ对污染物的去除效果. 结果表明:工艺Ⅰ中,最佳预臭氧投加量为0.78mg/L,该预臭氧投加量下COD_Mn去除率和UV₂₅₄降幅分别较无预臭氧工艺提高28.8%和43.7%;工艺Ⅱ中,最佳主臭氧投加量为1.20mg/L,该主臭氧投加量下COD_Mn去除率和UV₂₅₄降幅分别较无主臭氧工艺提高44.8%和73.3%. 可见,在合适的臭氧投加量下,O₃/BAC工艺能够高效去除丹江口水库水中的有机污染物,使水质得到显著改善,投加主臭氧的工艺Ⅱ对污染物的去除效果比投加预臭氧的工艺Ⅰ更好.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.