渗滤液腐蚀黏土衬垫的力学特性及孔隙变化

为研究在垃圾渗滤液腐蚀条件下原状黏土衬垫的服役功能变化规律,该文通过柔性壁渗透试验、三轴剪切试验、核磁共振试验和扫描电子显微试验,研究不同质量分数垃圾渗滤液对原状黏土的渗透、抗剪强度特性和孔隙结构的破坏规律。试验结果表明,原状土的渗透系数时程曲线的峰值和稳定值均与垃圾渗滤液浓度呈负相关,渗滤液溶液质量分数为0%～100%,原状土渗透系数为0.29×10~(-9)～6.13×10~(-9)cm/s,均满足填埋场衬垫的防渗要求。原状黏土的粘聚力c和内摩擦角φ随渗滤液质量分数的增大而减小,溶液质量分数ω由0%增加至100%,c、φ值分别降低了29.81%和50.00%。垃圾渗滤液对土样孔径为0.01～0.75μm孔隙影响较为显著,对11.06～67.87μm孔径的孔隙影响较弱。溶液质量分数由25%增长至100%,孔径为0.01～0.75μm的孔隙体积减小了10.54%～60.08%。     

渗滤液回灌对填埋垃圾含水率的影响研究

文章通过模拟实验研究了不同的渗滤液回灌频率、回灌量和回灌速率对压实密度不同的垃圾的含水率的影响。研究表明,由于通道流的存在和影响,渗滤液的产生时间提前于填埋垃圾达到其有效贮水率的时间;渗滤液回灌频率越高、回灌量越大、回灌速率越慢、垃圾体温度越低、垃圾压实密度越高,则填埋垃圾的有效贮水率越大、含水率越高。在实施渗滤液回灌操作时,须综合考虑滤液回灌频率、回灌量、回灌速率、垃圾温度和垃圾压实密度等影响因素。     

生物反应器填埋场的发展及应用研究

缩短垃圾稳定化时间,并有效地收集和处理渗滤液及填埋气体,是促使传统卫生填埋法向生物反应器填埋场发展的主要因素。生物反应器填埋场通过回灌渗滤液等控制手段,改善填埋场内部微生化环境,加速填埋场稳定化进程。生物反应器填埋场的关键在于渗滤液收集系统、防渗系统、气体收集系统和渗滤液回灌系统。一些在运行的全规模生物反应器填埋场证明了这种操作方式能加快垃圾降解和填埋气体的产生,减少渗滤液处理量。然而还有一些经济和技术上的不确定性,包括持久有效性、压实度和氧化-还原环境等因素都需要进一步研究。     

填埋垃圾渗透系数的研究进展

填埋是我国城市生活垃圾的主要处理方式,我国南方填埋场普遍面临的一个问题是渗滤液水位较高。垃圾渗透系数不仅在控制渗滤液水位技术方面有重要作用,且影响填埋气的排出及回收利用率。总结了垃圾渗透系数影响因素和调节方法方面的研究,得出影响因素包括垃圾密度、垃圾组分、降解程度、压实程度等,调节方法则有改变影响因素和加入惰性材料两种。在此基础上对填埋场控制渗滤液水位的工程技术手段和提高填埋体回收利用率的途径提出了新建议。     

好氧填埋技术对渗滤液水质变化的影响

垃圾填埋场产生大量渗滤液,而一般厌氧型填埋场产生渗滤液中含有很高浓度的有机物。因此,渗滤液成为填埋场的难题。通过试验模拟垃圾的好氧填埋过程,并在此过程中对垃圾产生渗滤液中的COD、BOD5和NH 4+-N进行连续监测,通过试验初步得出:在好氧填埋条件下,垃圾堆体产生渗滤液中有机物和NH 4+-N浓度得到较大程度降低。渗滤液中COD、BOD5和NH 4+-N的降解率分别高达98.99%、99.94%和99.78%。     

填埋垃圾初始含水率对渗滤液产量的影响及修正渗滤液产量计算公式

我国填埋场设计阶段,渗滤液产量计算结果往往偏小.参照山谷型填埋场,建立了一个长400 m,宽500 m的水量平衡计算模型,模型中垃圾体高50 m,分5个填埋阶段,每阶段填高10 m,用时2 a,共填埋10 a.利用该模型,分阶段计算填埋垃圾初始含水率对渗滤液来源组成和总产量的影响.渗滤液总产量由降雨入渗量和垃圾自身渗滤液产量组成,初始含水率越高,垃圾自身渗滤液产量和渗滤液总产量越大,垃圾自身渗滤液产量所占渗滤液总产量的比例也越高.当填埋垃圾初始含水率分别为27%、40%、50%和60%时,日平均渗滤液总产量分别为272、583、823和1 063 m3.d-1,垃圾自身渗滤液产量分别为-144、168、408和647 m3.d-1.垃圾初始含水率高于50%时,自身渗滤液产量占渗滤液总产量的比例超过50%,成为渗滤液总产量的主要部分.目前中国规范中采用的渗滤液产量计算方法,未考虑垃圾自身渗滤液产量,当填埋垃圾初始含水率较高时,计算结果偏小.基于上述水量平衡分析结果,进一步提出了包括垃圾自身渗滤液产量的修正计算公式,并通过2个大型中国南方填埋场的现场实测数据进行了验证.     

PAM保水剂对生物反应器填埋场持水性能及生物活性影响研究

填埋垃圾的含水率是生物反应器填埋场中垃圾降解和渗滤液产生的重要影响因素.本文将农业上广泛应用的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)高分子保水剂用于垃圾填埋场保水持水性能的改善,以提高填埋场微生物活性,促进有机物降解.选取了典型的非水溶性高分子保水剂JB和水溶性高分子保水剂WSN20,通过考察填埋过程中介质含水率、渗滤液产量及水质,填埋气组分和微生物活性的变化,评价保水剂种类及添加量对填埋介质持水性能和垃圾降解过程的影响.结果表明,保水剂的添加量对介质的持水能力和微生物活性具有较大的影响.适量高分子保水剂的添加可有效减少渗滤液的产生并改善其水质.其中非水溶性保水剂JB的效果尤为显著,0.1%的投加比时能使填埋装置内介质的含水率增加12%,提高填埋体系中的微生物活性3.3倍,渗滤液产生量的削减达到75.6%.     

简易垃圾填埋场渗滤液地下水溶质运移数值模拟

简易垃圾填埋场防渗措施薄弱,渗滤液易发生渗漏污染土壤,随着时间的累积通过包气带进入含水层对地下水水质安全构成威胁。以西南山区凉山州某简易垃圾填埋场为研究对象,利用Visual MODFLOW软件建立了该简易垃圾填埋场及其周围地下水渗流场和溶质运移数值模型,通过MT3DMS模块模拟垃圾渗滤液在不同渗漏工况下地下含水层中高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))和氨氮(NH~+_4-N)的运移规律,并预测垃圾填埋场封场5年和10年后地下水中COD_(Mn)和NH~+_4-N浓度的变化情况。结果表明:该简易垃圾填埋场在HDPE土工膜上漏洞率为0.5、GCL黏土出现轻微开裂现象时,填埋场区下方地下水中COD_(Mn)在5年后的超标范围为972 m~2,中心污染物浓度为4.0 mg/L,地下水中NH~+_4-N在10年后的超标范围为12 500 m~2,中心污染物浓度为1.0 mg/L;在HDPE土工膜上漏洞率为1.0、GCL黏土出现严重开裂现象时,填埋场区下方地下水中COD_(Mn)在5年后的超标范围为36 261 m~2,中心污染物浓度为20 mg/L,地下水中NH~+_4-N在10年后的超标范围为19 083 m~2,中心污染物浓度为3.5 mg/L。该研究可为渗滤液污染的有效防治以及地下水监测方案的制定提供理论依据。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液特性分析

城市生活垃圾填埋场设计的关键就是如何控制渗滤液污染。本文在参阅了国内外相关资料和我们的试验结果的情况下,分析论述了城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液的产生、水质影响因素和预测方法,可为渗滤液处理工艺研究、设计提供参考。     

基于降解-渗流-温度耦合模型的渗滤液回灌数值模拟

渗滤液回灌能加速生化反应器填埋场的稳定,而回灌参数决定了回灌加速效果.为研究不同回灌条件下填埋场的稳定化进程以选择最佳回灌参数,在考虑含水率、VFA浓度和温度对垃圾降解影响的条件下,基于COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0建立了二维降解-渗流-温度耦合回灌模型并进行了验证;并采用本模型模拟单次回灌量为4 L的点源回灌,回灌频率分别为1、2、3 d·次-1,结果显示2 d·次-1的回灌条件下填埋场最先达到相对稳定状态;对比分析VFA浓度、垃圾降解速率、甲烷菌浓度的变化趋势,结果表明高回灌频率更有利于填埋场加速进入甲烷化阶段,而在确保含水率低影响的情况下低回灌频率更有利于进入稳定化阶段,因此实际工程中要综合考虑以选择合适的回灌参数.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.