低浓度细颗粒物声波团聚及喷雾优化实验

常规除尘器无法有效去除PM_2.5,而声波能有效增加颗粒物之间的碰撞、团聚,使PM_2.5粒径增大,是一种非常有前景的除尘预处理技术。主要研究了声波频率、声压级、初始浓度及停留时间对声波团聚效率的影响,发现在低频声波作用下效果更好,而纯声波作用下最佳团聚效率为44.84%。并对粉尘进行扫描电镜分析,对比了实验前后的粉尘形态,验证了声波对气溶胶颗粒的团聚作用。利用喷雾作为辅助手段,可以进一步提高团聚效率,降低声波团聚的能耗。在相同情况下,添加喷雾可以使团聚效率从43.07%增加到66.48%,说明喷雾联合声波作用是非常有效的除尘预处理技术。     

增湿耦合湍流促进PM_(2.5)团聚技术

基于增湿耦合湍流团聚装置,分别采用LS23320激光粒度分析仪和ELPI测定各团聚工况条件下飞灰颗粒的几何粒径和空气动力学粒径分布。结果表明:喷雾增湿及湍流耦合增湿条件下,飞灰几何粒径分布变化明显,但仅湍流团聚时,几何粒径分布变化不大;在空气动力学粒径≤10μm时,不同团聚工况下各级粒径段颗粒均有所减少,且湍流耦合增湿条件下减少幅度最大。采用离散相模型(DPM)模拟颗粒运动轨迹,经扰流单元扰流,不同粒径颗粒运动轨迹交叉在一起,可为颗粒团聚创造条件;采用颗粒群平衡模型(PBM)计算不同工况条件下颗粒团聚,计算规律与ELPI实测数据一致。     

柴油机EGR氛围颗粒的空间结构与表面形态分析

为揭示EGR(废气再循环)对柴油机颗粒表面形态以及空间结构的影响,针对不同EGR率下产生的柴油机颗粒,采用颗粒粒径分析仪以及X射线小角散射等分析手段,研究了EGR对柴油机排气颗粒粒径、数浓度和质量浓度的影响,分析了颗粒团聚程度、团粒间隙尺寸以及表面形态等参数随EGR率的变化规律.结果表明:随着EGR率从10%增至30%,颗粒数浓度峰值粒径向大粒径方向偏移,粒径在10～50 nm的核模态颗粒数浓度分别降低了14.7%和29.4%;粒径在50～500 nm的积聚态颗粒数浓度分别增加了17.1%和139.4%;总颗粒数浓度也有较大幅度增加,分别增加了4.5%和72.1%.采用EGR后,颗粒的质量分形维数和表面分形维数分别增加了12.1%和18.2%,表明EGR会使颗粒的质量分布不均匀,表面粗糙程度增加.随着EGR率的增加,颗粒的团粒间隙分布有明显差异,EGR率为0时的团粒间隙尺寸主要分布在8～11 nm,EGR率为30%时的团粒间隙尺寸主要分布在4～6 nm,表明EGR可在总体上降低团粒间隙尺寸和数浓度,增加了颗粒的团聚程度和空间结构的紧密程度.研究结果对于拓宽EGR的工况使用范围、提高DPF等后处理装置的工作效率、进一步降低柴油机的NO_x和颗粒排放具有重要意义.      

北京市交通干线周围可吸入大气颗粒物的污染特性

采用Anderson撞击法分级采样器于2009年3~6月对北京市航天桥周围可吸入大气颗粒物进行分级采样分析.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线能谱仪(EDS)观察测量样品的微观形貌及元素相对含量.根据形貌及元素含量,9类颗粒物被识别.利用等离子电感耦合质谱仪(ICP-MS)对颗粒物中的主要元素质量浓度进行了测定,发现交通干线周围大气PM10中Ca、Mg、Fe等元素质量浓度随粒径减小而减小,Pb、Zn、Ni、Hg等元素的浓度却随粒径减小而增大,粒径小于3.3mm的颗粒Pb, Hg, Zn浓度增加更为显著.利用FA(因子分析)进行源解析.结果表明,交通干线周围大气颗粒物组成中,建筑及自然扬尘贡献率最大占44.0%;汽车尾气及交通道路尘贡献率次之占28.1%.     

兰州市室内大气降尘环境磁学特征及其随高度变化研究

对兰州大学齐云楼不同高度的室内大气降尘样品进行的系统环境磁学研究表明,兰州市室内大气降尘中磁性矿物含量较高,并且以多畴和假单畴的亚铁磁性矿物为主,降尘中的磁性矿物主要来自大气污染.兰州市近地表约24 m高度内,室内大气降尘中磁性矿物浓度具有随高度升高而降低、粒径随高度增加而变细的分布特点,称为低污染源决定的近地面吹扬模式.距离建筑物顶部约10 m范围的建筑物内部,随着高度的增加,降尘中磁性矿物浓度增大、粒径变粗,称为高污染源决定的建筑物阻尼模式.兰州市室内降尘的磁性矿物浓度可以有效反映大气颗粒污染状况,研究表明,兰州市距地表20~30 m的适当高度大气颗粒污染最小.研究结果可为了解兰州市大气颗粒污染状况以及开展大气污染治理提供科学依据.     

天津污灌区菜地土壤团聚体中有机碳和重金属含量特征

以天津某污灌菜地土壤为研究对象,分析干筛法所得不同粒径土壤团聚体颗粒中有机碳及重金属含量特征.结果表明,土壤团聚体粗大颗粒(2 mm)含量最大,约为70%.0.25～0.5 mm粒级团聚体中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb含量最高,Cr含量在5～8 mm粒径团聚体中最高,As在不同颗粒中含量差异较小,不同重金属元素含量随土层深度增加而减小.污灌土壤中重金属富集因子表现为Cd Pb Zn Cu Cr As,在0.25～0.5 mm粒级团聚体颗粒中Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb分布因子最高,而5～8 mm粒径团聚体中重金属负载因子最大.土壤有机碳含量整体上随团聚体粒径增加表现为先增加后降低,不同粒径团聚体中Cu、Cd、Pb和As含量与有机碳含量呈显著正相关(p0.05).     

生物质与煤混烧灰电团聚相互作用的模拟研究

研究生物质与煤混烧灰在除尘器内部的电团聚相互作用对于实现其细颗粒减排具有十分重要的意义。针对不同掺混比例的生物质燃料玉米秸杆与无烟煤混烧灰,基于Fluent软件,利用颗粒群平衡模型(PBM),通过自定义函数(UDF)功能导入电团聚核函数,计算颗粒在除尘器内部的团聚情况,分析其团聚效果。研究结果表明:电团聚对于细颗粒具有显著的作用,并且团聚效率随着颗粒粒径的增大而逐渐提高。同时,当颗粒体积分数为1.4%,流场流速为1 m/s时,考虑到实际条件,生物质掺混比为10%,电团聚效果最优。因此,对于掺烧生物质的燃煤锅炉,在常规除尘器前或电除尘器前级电场,利用电凝并技术实现细颗粒团聚后高效捕集是十分有效的手段。     

锰基改性生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤团聚体结构以及Cd含量特征的影响

通过田间试验,探究锰基改性稻壳生物炭对弱碱性Cd污染土壤有机碳含量、团聚体结构以及团聚体各粒级的Cd质量负载和有效态含量的影响.结果表明,施加改性生物炭,土壤有机碳含量表现为随着改性生物炭施加量的增加而呈现出逐渐升高的趋势,较对照增加了3.2%～32.0%.改性生物炭对土壤团聚体的分布结构和稳定性具有改良作用,增加了大团聚体(5～8 mm和2～5 mm粒级)所占的质量分数,微团聚体(≤0.25 mm)则受到抑制,土壤团聚体平均质量直径(GWD)、几何平均直径(MWD)和土壤团粒结构体(R_(0.25))较对照分别增加了15.1%～20.3%、 8.1%～22.4%和0.43%～7.6%.Cd含量主要富集在团聚体小颗粒中,其在土壤团聚体各粒级的质量负载随粒径的减小而逐渐增大.Cd分布因子在0.5～1 mm和0.25～0.5 mm粒级中表现出明显富集状况,而在5～8 mm和2～5 mm粒径中表现出明显亏损状态.与对照相比,添加改性生物炭降低了全土和土壤团聚体各粒级中DTPA-Cd含量,其中在5～8、 2～5、 0.5～1.0和0.25～0.5 mm粒径中分别降低了7.6%～15.1%、 15.6%～24.3%、 3.6%～13.8%和11.6%～13.7%(P0.05).总体而言,改性生物炭不仅对污染土壤团聚体的结构具有良好的优化作用,而且能够降低不同粒径土壤中Cd有效态含量,达到阻控修复Cd污染的目的.     

化学团聚剂强化燃煤细颗粒物团聚脱除

燃煤细颗粒物对大气环境和人体健康均会产生严重影响，化学团聚是促进细颗粒形成大粒径团聚体而易被常规除尘器捕获的重要方法。化学团聚技术中团聚剂的组成是影响细颗粒物团聚效果的重要因素。由表面活性剂、无机盐和高分子絮凝剂构成多元团聚剂体系，经雾化形成液滴喷入细颗粒物团聚室，研究其对细颗粒团聚促进作用的影响。研究表明:选用含有无机盐的二元团聚剂体系均对细颗粒团聚有良好的促进作用，吐温-80体系对细颗粒物的清除效率可达44.1%；随着团聚剂溶液浓度的增加，细颗粒物的清除效率不断提高，阳离子型团聚剂体系对细颗粒物团聚的促进作用优于阴离子型团聚剂体系；团聚剂体系中无机盐，特别是氯化铵，能有效提高细颗粒清除效率；调节团聚剂体系的pH为弱酸性更有利于细颗粒的团聚。三元团聚剂体系各组分的协同作用可使颗粒间的黏附力提高3.5倍，团聚后细颗粒物的质量减少45%~49%，中位粒径由3.5 μm增加至7.5~8.6 μm。     

天然水体中多壁纳米碳管对纳米氧化锌颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响

研究了淡水湖泊水体中氧化多壁纳米碳管(Oxidized-multiwalled carbon nanotubes,o-MWCNTs)对纳米氧化锌(ZnO nanoparticles,nZnO)颗粒团聚与沉降行为的影响,探讨了天然胶体及o-MWCNTs的浓度对nZnO颗粒团聚粒径、团聚速率及沉降行为的作用.结果表明,nZnO在天然水体中会发生明显沉降,相比去除天然胶体的天然水而言,天然胶体的存在显著减少了nZnO的沉降.这主要归因于nZnO-天然胶体颗粒间的作用能垒高于nZnO-nZnO颗粒间的作用能垒,使得天然胶体的存在降低了nZnO-nZnO之间的颗粒碰撞效率,从而促进nZnO悬浮.o-MWCNTs对nZnO在天然水体中沉降行为的影响与天然胶体密切相关.相比于nZnO的单独沉降,在不过膜天然水中(含天然胶体),低浓度o-MWCNTs的存在增加了颗粒间的团聚速率,从而促进nZnO的沉降,而高浓度o-MWCNTs降低了颗粒间的团聚速率和团聚体粒径,从而降低了nZnO的沉降.而在过膜天然水中(不含天然胶体),o-MWCNTs的存在显著降低了颗粒间的团聚粒径和团聚速率,从而降低了nZnO的沉降,且o-MWCNTs的浓度越高,对nZnO悬浮稳定性的促进作用越明显.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.