人工湿地中除磷填料的筛选及其除磷能力

针对猪场废水水质特点,对4种填料的理化特性进行了分析,并考察了4种填料的除磷能力.结果表明,废砖块和沸石的表面微结构更有利于生物膜的生长,而海蛎壳与废砖块则具有较高的除磷潜能;4种填料对磷素的理论饱和吸附量依次为海砺壳>废砖块>火山岩>沸石,海蛎壳对磷素的吸附主要为化学吸附,而废砖块、火山岩和沸石对磷素的吸附主要为物理吸附,其中废砖块对磷素的吸附过程中存在化学吸附作用;在动态吸附试验中,海蛎壳对磷素的去除效果最好,其次为废砖块、火山岩和沸石,4种填料去除磷素的主要途径由其化学成分和化学形态决定.由试验结果可知,海蛎壳是人工湿地处理猪场废水时较为理想的除磷填料.     

7种人工湿地填料对磷的吸附特性比较

研究了活性炭、牡蛎壳、蛭石、火山岩、煤渣、钢渣和河砂7种人工湿地填料对模拟废水中磷的去除效果。各材料对磷去除率大小为:钢渣>煤渣>牡蛎壳>活性炭>(沸石、火山岩、河砂)。同时对比研究了7种材料对实际生活废水中磷的去除效果,各材料对实际废水中磷的去除率低于对模拟废水中磷的去除率,其中钢渣的去除率最高。7种材料对模拟废水中磷的去除过程均符合准二级动力学关系。选择钢渣、煤渣和牡蛎壳作为人工湿地备选填料,研究不同初始磷浓度、不同粒径下钢渣、煤渣和牡蛎壳对磷去除效果,结果表明,钢渣、煤渣和牡蛎壳对磷的去除率随初始磷浓度和材料粒径的增大而减小。     

盐度对渗滤系统填料性质和除磷影响的试验研究

为考察盐度对人工渗滤系统填料理化性质和除磷效果的影响,首先选用煤渣和陶粒为填料构建了4个人工渗滤系统,系统进水盐度分别为0、0.5%、1%、1.5%。然后利用SEM、XRF和比表面积分析仪对运行前及处理不同盐度污水后的填料表面形貌、元素组成及比表面积等理化性质进行了表征。试验结果表明盐度对填料的理化性质具有一定的影响,主要表现在:陶粒上出现了一些体积较大的孔,而煤渣的层状结构表面上附着了一些球形颗粒;陶粒和煤渣的比表面积均随盐度的升高而减小;陶粒中Ca元素有所减少,且在1.5%盐度下减少最多,煤渣中Ca、Al、Fe等金属元素的变化并没有呈现出一定的规律性。在不同进水盐度条件下系统运行稳定后磷的去除均达到了较好的效果,满足《城市污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)的一级A标准。     

建筑废弃物对水体有机物和总磷的去除效果及作用方式

文章通过研究加气块、混凝土、砂浆和红砖4种建筑废弃物对水体有机物和总磷（TP）的去除效果和作用方式发现：4种建筑废弃物均可实现水体中有机物和TP的去除,其中加气块（平均去除率>50%,去除量达0.33 mg/g）和红砖（平均去除率>35%,去除量达0.22 mg/g）具有较高的有机物去除效果,砂浆（平均去除率>70%,去除量达0.018mg/g）和加气块（平均去除率超过45%,去除量达0.013 mg/g）具有较高的TP去除效果;4种建筑废弃物均可能通过水合有机物物理吸附的方式去除有机物,加气块、混凝土、砂浆可能通过磷酸钙类沉淀生成型化学吸附方式去除TP,红砖可能通过磷酸铝类表面络合型化学吸附方式去除TP。该研究有助于深化建筑废弃物用于水污染控制的机理认知并帮助改进其技术参数。     

29种湿地填料对氨氮的吸附解吸性能比较

为筛选出性能更好的人工湿地填料,采用等温吸附-解吸试验,测定了29种天然和非天然人工湿地填料的孔隙率、渗透系数及其对NH₃-N的吸附-解吸特性. 结果表明:锯末、瓷砖、鸡蛋壳、瓷砂陶粒、火山岩等材料的孔隙率较大,瓷砂陶粒、海绵铁、石灰石、页岩陶粒、砾石等材料的渗透系数较大;Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附方程能较好地拟合各填料对NH₃-N的吸附特征,通过Langmuir等温吸附方程计算,对NH₃-N的理论饱和吸附量居前5位的填料依次是火山岩(1.700 0 mg/g)、瓷砂陶粒(1.620 0 mg/g)、生物炭(1.353 0 mg/g)、沸石(1.350 0 mg/g)、石榴石(1.190 0 mg/g). 吸附速率的变化与填料吸附NH₃-N的途径密切相关. 吸附饱和的生物炭、焦炭、大理黏土、沸石、磁铁矿、石英砂主要通过离子交换作用吸附NH₃-N,稳定性好,解吸率均小于20%;瓷砂陶粒和火山岩对NH₃-N的解吸率分别为24.50%和35.51%,既有物理吸附也有离子交换作用. 火山岩、瓷砂陶粒、生物炭、沸石对较高浓度NH₃-N的吸附效果较好. 研究显示,火山岩、生物炭、瓷砂陶粒、沸石等适合作为人工湿地中吸附NH₃-N的填料.      

高效除磷渗滤床填料筛选及连续流动态运行特性

磷是造成水体富营养化的重要因素之一,深度去除污染水体中的磷,具有重要的环保意义.为此,本研究比较了多种填料包括海绵铁及其改性填料、钢渣、活性氧化铝、活性炭的吸附除磷特性及动力学,探究了除磷机理,构建了高效除磷渗滤床,考察了动态连续流运行条件下的除磷特性.结果表明酸改性海绵铁具有最高的饱和磷吸附容量,为19.45 mg·g^-1,碱改性海绵铁、活性氧化铝、钢渣、未改性海绵铁及活性炭的饱和磷吸附容量分别为10.91、8.70、7.73、3.39和1.34 mg·g^-1.在此基础上,利用高效除磷填料酸改性海绵铁和钢渣构建了除磷渗滤床,开展了连续240 d的连续流实验,在磷容积负荷为6 g·d^-1·m^-3条件下,渗滤床累积磷吸附量达到10215 mg,单位容积吸附量达到1.62 kg·m^-3.总之,利用酸改性海绵铁和钢渣构建的除磷渗滤床具有较高的除磷效率和性能,可以作为除磷单元与现有的水污染治理及净化工艺耦合,提高或拓展系统除磷功能.     

改性海绵铁深度除磷及其再生磷回收方法

为了从污染水体中去除磷并有效回收磷资源,本文研究了海绵铁改性前后吸附除磷特性,并构建海绵铁除磷渗滤床,考察了其连续流除磷特性及再生活化方法,并探究再生废液中磷回收生成鸟粪石的工艺条件.结果表明:硫酸改性后的海绵铁对磷的最大理论吸附容量从改性前4.17 mg·g~(-1)提升至18.18 mg·g~(-1).吸附饱和的改性海绵铁,采用1 mol·L~(-1)氢氧化钠解吸和6%硫酸再活化后,能够达到98%的活化率.海绵铁除磷渗滤床在长达约200 d的连续流运行实验中表现出良好的除磷能力,在进水TP=10 mg·L~(-1),HRT=1 h条件下,磷综合去除率达30%～89%,累积单位容积磷吸附量达到6.95 kg·m~(-3).海绵铁碱再生后的废液可以用于回收鸟粪石,其最佳生成条件为:pH=10,n(Mg~(2+))∶n(PO_4~(3-))∶n(NH~+_4)=1.3∶1∶1.1.在最优条件下,磷回收率可以达到97.8%.本研究提供的方法对于污染水体中磷营养元素的去除及回收利用具有理论与实践意义.     

沉积物对粪固醇的吸附行为研究

采用批量振荡法模拟粪固醇在沉积物-水两相中的迁移,考察了温度、盐度、pH值、浓度对沉积物吸附粪固醇的影响.结果表明,温度升高不利于沉积物对粪固醇的吸附,但有利于粪固醇溶解度的增加;沉积物有机质中亲水性基团向水体中释放,不利于粪固醇的吸附;盐度升高和水体中粪固醇初始浓度增大皆有利于沉积物对粪固醇的吸附;pH值增高或降低皆抑制沉积物对粪固醇的吸附;沉积物中粗胡敏素对粪固醇吸附贡献较大,矿物质对粪固醇吸附贡献较小;温度、盐度、pH值和粪固醇浓度的变化,对粪醇/(粪醇+加氢胆固醇)、粪醇/24-乙基粪醇、粪醇/胆固醇、24-乙基粪醇/谷甾醇、24-乙基粪醇/(24-乙基粪醇+加氢谷甾醇)5个质量比指标的影响较小,其质量比指标可以作为粪便污染的指示物.     

人工湿地不同填料组合去除典型污染物的研究

选取沸石、火山岩、空心砖、钢渣4种填料,通过对水中典型污染物的等温吸附试验,进行填料组合方式的优化配比.选取优化后的配比组合模拟人工湿地基质系统进行动态试验,进一步考察分析不同填料组合对污染物去除效果的差异.实验结果表明,Langmuir模型能够较好地模拟填料对氮、磷的吸附过程.各填料对NH+4-N的饱和吸附量大小为沸石(2388.92 mg·kg-1)空心砖(618.39 mg·kg-1)火山岩(310.84mg·kg-1);对磷的饱和吸附量大小为空心砖(3051.57 mg·kg-1)钢渣(2863.69 mg·kg-1)火山岩(1102.78 mg·kg-1)沸石(717.15mg·kg-1).在动态试验中,不同的填料组合对污染物具有不同的去除效果.综合考虑各填料组合对污染物的去除,选取效果最优的填料组合为ZH11(沸石与空心砖质量比1∶1混合),其对COD、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、TP的去除率分别达到62.40%、95.54%、59.82%和97.50%.     

改性贻贝壳对亚甲基蓝的吸附去除研究

对改性贻贝壳吸附去除亚甲基蓝的效果进行了研究,考察了改性温度、吸附剂投加量、溶液盐度、吸附剂粒径、吸附温度等条件对亚甲基蓝吸附去除效果的影响。在200~1 060℃条件下对贻贝壳进行了温度改性优化,结果表明,最佳改性温度为550℃。当改性贻贝壳投加量为0.6 g/L时,对亚甲基蓝的去除率达到87%;亚甲基蓝的吸附去除效果随着贻贝壳粒径变小吸附能力略有上升,当粒径小于60目时,吸附能力趋于稳定,对亚甲基蓝的去除率在90%左右;盐度对吸附效果影响较大,亚甲基蓝去除效果受离子强度效应影响随盐度的增加先减小后增大最后到达稳定;而吸附温度对改性贻贝壳的吸附能力的影响较小。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.