上海市市区、郊区NO2、SO2和PM10的时空变化规律及相关性分析

在对上海市嘉定区大气污染物SO2、NOx和PM10连续1年的观测基础上，结合上海环境状况公报的数据，探讨了市区、郊区大气污染物的空间和时间变化规律。结果表明，2005年中NO2、SO2和PM10的质量浓度在市区和郊区均是冬春两季高，夏秋两季低；NO2、SO2和PM10浓度在市区要高于郊区；郊区大气污染物的月变化幅度要比市区大，市区PM10污染有增加趋势。根据气象条件分析，嘉定区周边工业污染对NO2、SO2和PM10的浓度有贡献，市区NO2、SO2和PM10的质量浓度则与机动车尾气、工业燃煤，建筑扬尘和道路扬尘等诸多因素有关。相关性分析表明，上海市NO2、SO2和PM10相互之间存在比较强的相关性。     

济南市秋末冬初大气颗粒物和气体污染物污染水平及来源

2009年11月23日─12月7日在济南市区对PM2.5、BC(黑碳)和污染物(SO2、NOx、NO、NO2和CO)进行实时监测与分析.观测期间ρ(PM2.5)、φ(SO2)和φ(NOx)分别为171μg/m3、54.3×10-9和107×10-9.其中,φ(SO2)与GB 3095─1996《环境空气质量标准》日标准值相当,φ(NOx)是标准的2.2倍,ρ(PM2.5)是美国环境空气质量标准(35μg/m3)的4.89倍.污染事件期间ρ(PM2.5)、φ(SO2)和φ(NOx)分别达到222μg/m3、74.4×10-9和158×10-9,是非污染期间的1.78、1.67和1.77倍.观测期间SO2主要来源于燃煤排放.在11月25─26日的污染事件中,NOx、BC和PM2.5主要来源于机动车尾气排放,除局地源外,东北风经过济南东北部工业区时也将污染物传输到采样点;而在12月1─2日的污染事件中,以静风为主,污染物积聚,NOx和BC主要来源于机动车尾气排放,PM2.5除了一次污染物,很可能包含一定比例的二次污染物.在非污染事件中,NOx和BC主要来源于机动车尾气排放,部分NOx很可能来源于燃煤排放,而PM2.5主要来源于一次源排放.     

眉山市城区环境空气质量及变化趋势分析

根据眉山市2006—2012年空气质量数据,采用综合污染指数法对SO2、NO2、PM10进行评价。结果表明:各污染物季节变化明显,冬季污染最严重;7年年际变化中,SO2浓度先上升后下降,NO2浓度总体呈上升趋势,PM10浓度明显下降;2012年全市主要污染物污染负荷系数从大到小排列顺序为:PM10(0.39)SO2(0.32)NO2(0.29);综合污染指数表明眉山市空气质量属于轻污染。     

雅安市环境空气质量时空动态变化及改善途径分析

根据雅安市4个空气自动站监测数据,按照《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)中的二级标准,采用综合污染指数法分析了雅安市2009~2013年环境空气质量时空动态变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明:从年际变化看,PM1 0和SO 2浓度呈下降趋势,NO2浓度在2013年略有上升;年内变化显示,各污染物浓度季节变化明显,冬季污染最严重,污染程度由高到低的顺序为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季;空间变化显示,SO2浓度存在一定的空间差异性,各监测点位SO 2浓度随年限均呈下降趋势。NO 2和PM 10浓度空间分布差异明显。雅安空气环境综合污染指数呈下降趋势,空气污染程度得到了明显缓解,空气质量逐渐改善,并在上述研究基础上,提出了环境空气质量的改善途径。     

大气例行点位常规监测污染物的相关性分析及防控措施研究

根据济南市历下区5个大气例行监测点位2015年上半年PM2.5、PM10、SO2、CO、NO2、O3逐小时浓度的监测数据,通过SPSS软件对各项污染物的相关性进行分析得出:CO与PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2强相关性出现次数最多,表明CO排放源是引起颗粒物污染的主要原因之一.对监测点位周边2 km范围内机动车尾气和餐饮燃煤两项污染源进行排放量估算得出:机动车尾气CO、NOx、PM2.5和PM10年排放量分别为388.18吨、111.18吨、4.35吨和4.72吨;餐饮燃煤CO、SO2、NOx年排放量分别为36.0吨、24.0吨和9.6吨.因此,控制CO排放源对改善济南市大气环境质量至关重要.     

北京地区1～3月PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、SO_2地面浓度分布特征分析

本次研究选取了2015年1~3月份北京地区的PM2.5、PM10、NO2、SO2浓度的小时栅格数据,利用ENVI 4.8软件取得各污染物栅格数据的平均值,分析各污染物的浓度分布差异,结果表明:北京地区1~3月大气污染物浓度的空间分布具有显著的梯度特征,污染物浓度从东-西、从南-北呈递减趋势,其中PM2.5、PM10的环境空气污染程度较重,NO2、SO2的地面浓污染程度较轻,主城区的污染物浓度相对较高,郊区的相对较低。     

太原市2014年春节期间常规大气污染物浓度变化及聚类分析

为了探寻太原市春节期间不同监测站点各常规大气污染物的质量浓度变化规律及相互之间的关系,记录和收集了太原市上兰、南寨、涧河、尖草坪、桃园、坞城、小店、金胜、晋源9个监测点2014年农历小年至元宵节(2014-01-23—2014-02-14)期间的大气PM2.5、PM10、CO、NO2、O3、SO2小时浓度值以及相应的气温、气压、湿度、风级、能见度等气象数据,采用相关分析、小波分析、单因子污染指数评价和系统聚类等方法进行研究,发现:1该时段内就太原市总体而言,PM2.5超标倍数最大,其次是PM10、SO2、CO、NO2,O3污染最小.2农历小年、除夕、正月初八、元宵节大气PM2.5和PM10的浓度迅速增加,与自然气象因子基本无关,说明烟花爆竹的集中燃放对大气颗粒物尤其是细颗粒物产生较大影响.3SO2、NO2、CO与PM2.5和PM10浓度变化的波动趋势相似、主周期相同,反映了部分PM2.5和PM10与SO2、NO2、CO有共同的来源;O3的波动趋势及主周期与上述污染物完全不同,显示出它来源的特殊性.4按PM2.5聚类,南寨、涧河、尖草坪、桃园4个点聚为一类,小店和坞城2个点聚为一类,金胜和晋源聚为一类,位于太原市最北端作为清洁对照的上兰监测点自成一类,与它们的地理位置有较好的相符性,同时,聚类分析结果与各监测点的单因子污染指数评价结果相一致.本文提示小波分析与聚类分析相结合可以较好地反映城市大气污染物浓度变化的时间与空间分布规律.     

天津滨海新区秋冬季大气污染特征分析

为了解天津滨海新区大气污染物浓度水平和污染来源,2009年9月1日~2010年2月28日对NOx、CO、SO2、O3、PM2.5、PM10进行了连续在线观测,并同步观测了气象要素.结果表明,秋冬季上述污染物最高日均值(秋冬平均值±标准差,O3为日小时均值最大值)分别达到300.7(65.4±52.9)×10-9、7.278(1.324±1.169)×10-6、53(13±12)×10-9、95(28±21)×10-9(体积分数)和287.4(62.3±53.6)μg/m3、1421.4(161.9±136) μg/m3. NOx和SO2秋季低于冬季,O3和PM10反之. CO和PM10相对国家二级标准超标率为2%和38%,PM2.5相对WHO标准(75μg/m3)超标率为31%.季节统计日变化显示CO和NOx为早晚双峰型,SO2为中午的单峰型,O3为午后单峰型,且秋季日变化振幅远大于冬季, PM10为早晚双峰型,但冬季比秋季晚出峰2~3h.除冬季PM10,大气污染物浓度49%~74%的逐日变化由气象要素影响.滨海新区大气污染受局地排放和外源输送共同影响,西南方向气流易造成污染物积累,其次是东北方向,而东和东南气流最有利于污染物扩散;各污染物具体表现为NOx主要受局地源控制;SO2主要受外来输送影响;CO和PM2.5同时受本地源和外来源的共同影响;PM10秋季表现为本地源污染,而冬季为本地源和外来源的共同影响.     

2003—2012年京津石三市大气污染特征及趋势对比

为更好地推动京津冀社会、经济协调发展,采用2003—2012年北京、天津和石家庄三市API日报数据、气象数据、PM10、SO2、NO2年均浓度值,对比分析其大气污染特征、首要污染物及变化趋势。进一步结合已有环保政策及各市污染排放强度、单位产值能耗及NOx排放量探讨污染控制的有效措施。结果表明:近十年空气质量为天津(优于)>石家庄(优于)>北京,且API存在明显季节变化规律(夏季低;春、冬季高),在显著性水平p<0.05时,平均气温、相对湿度、降水量与API存在明显负相关关系;Daniel趋势分析表明2003—2012年北京(PM10、SO2、NO2)、天津(PM10、SO2、NO2)、石家庄(PM10)三市空气质量指标呈好转趋势;石家庄市SO2、NO2年均浓度值有所下降,但趋势不明显;近十年北京、天津、石家庄首要污染物是PM10,实质上是PM2.5;今后控制SO2排放的工作重点在于加大天然气及清洁能源对煤炭替代、提高能源效率,而不同城市控制NOx排放的工作重点不同,北京市重点在于治理交通污染源;天津、石家庄重点在于加大工业脱硝力度。     

“十一五”期间太原市环境空气质量及影响因素分析研究

依据太原市环境空气质量监测数据,采用Daniel趋势检验法,综合污染指数法和回归分析法研究了“十一五”期间太原市的环境质量变化趋势和影响因素.结果表明,从年均浓度值分析来看,除NO2外,SO2和PM10都存在超标现象,长期来看,三种污染物浓度下降趋势明显,这与太原市环境保护行动密切相关.月际间浓度值差异除PM10在春季出现波动外,SO2和NO2均呈现“U”型曲线,这种规律与气象条件密切相关.三种主要大气污染物污染指数都有所下降,但太原市区空气污染仍以SO2和PM10为主,说明烟煤型污染的空气污染特征没有改变.主要大气污染物的空间浓度分布不均与地形和气象特征以及城市布局和污染源排放有直接关系.太原市“十一五”期间大气环境质量整体改善,但形势依然严峻.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.